International Journal of Pharma and Biosciences
International Journal of Pharma and Biosciences (IJPBS) [Online ISSN: 0975-6299] is an online peer-reviewed journal in English published quarterly by Lapin Press Publications. The journal aims to publish novel research and review articles in the field of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences to reinforce the advancement of these areas which are not limited to: drug discovery, development, pre-formulation studies, drug delivery, and targeting, toward the improvement of medical and health therapy. The research also involved applying scientific knowledge to enhance the ealthiness of human progress including biotechnology products like genes, proteins vaccines which comprise all fundamental aspects of basic biological sciences. The concept of research in this field grasps recognition at recent time and inquires attention towards the researchers. The thrust of this journal is to assist in the development and factual interpretation of research in the field of Pharmaceutical and Biosciences.
A Comprehensive Review on the Approaches and Applications of Nanoparticles
Nanoparticles have emerged as a cornerstone of modern science and technology, offering unique physicochemical properties that differ significantly from their bulk counterparts. Their nanoscale dimensions confer high surface area, tunable morphology, and enhanced reactivity, enabling diverse applications across medicine, energy, and environmental sectors. This review comprehensively discusses the major approaches employed in nanoparticle synthesis, including top‑down and bottom‑up techniques such as mechanical milling, sol‑gel processing, chemical reduction, and biological synthesis. Functionalization strategies-through surface modification, ligand attachment, and polymer coating-are highlighted for their role in improving stability, biocompatibility, and targeted delivery. Characterization methods like dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and zeta potential analysis are examined to elucidate particle size, shape, and surface charge, which critically influence performance. The review further explores applications ranging from drug delivery and diagnostics to catalysis, imaging, and environmental remediation. In biomedical contexts, nanoparticles enable controlled release, site‑specific targeting, and enhanced therapeutic efficacy, while in energy systems they contribute to improved solar cells, batteries, and sensors. Environmental uses include pollutant removal and water purification. Overall, the integration of advanced synthesis and characterization techniques continues to expand the functional versatility of nanoparticles, positioning them as indispensable tools in sustainable technological innovation.
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HBA1C (GLYCOSYLATED HEMOGLOBIN) DISCORDANCE IN ESTIMATING GLYCEMIC CONTROL
Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is widely accepted as a standard biomarker for long-term glycemic control and prediction of diabetes-related complications; however, emerging clinical variables may influence its interpretation in routine practice. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the role and limitations of HbA1c measurement in the diabetic population and to analyse factors contributing to discrepancies in its reporting. This observational study included 100 whole blood samples collected from Medanta–The Medicity, Gurugram, India. Two milliliters of venous blood were collected in EDTA tubes, and HbA1c was estimated using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) on the Bio-Rad D100 analyser. Baseline HbA1c values were compared with repeat measurements obtained after an average follow-up period of 45 days. Correlation with blood glucose levels and associated comorbidities was also assessed. The study population had a mean age of 61 years. A statistically significant change in HbA1c levels was observed over the follow-up period (8.4% vs 8.1%, p = 0.04). Rapid availability of HbA1c results facilitated more frequent monitoring and influenced therapeutic decisions. However, clinically relevant discordance between HbA1c and glycemic status was noted in selected cases, highlighting potential analytical and biological interferences. These findings indicate that although HbA1c remains a valuable and reliable marker for monitoring glycemic control, its interpretation requires careful consideration of patient-specific factors and associated clinical conditions. Standard assessment norms may need contextual modification in selected scenarios to avoid misinterpretation and inappropriate treatment adjustments.
Orphan drugs and rare diseases: current landscape, challenges, and future prospects
One of the most exciting and revolutionary areas of contemporary pharmaceutical development is orphan pharmaceuticals, therapeutic compounds intended to cure uncommon diseases affecting fewer than 200,000 people in the United States (or comparable populations in other regions). The market for orphan drugs is expected to increase at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 10.94% from its estimated USD 236.27 billion in 2025 to USD 667.48 billion by 2035. This impressive development trajectory is a result of supporting regulatory frameworks, advances in precision medicine and genetic research, and the rising incidence of rare diseases globally. However, the landscape of orphan drugs poses significant obstacles, such as extraordinarily high development and per-patient treatment costs, tiny patient populations that make clinical trial enrollment difficult, and complex regulatory procedures across several jurisdictions.This thorough analysis looks at the state of rare diseases and orphan medications now, summarizes what is known about development obstacles, and considers potential avenues for therapeutic innovation in the future. The study covers market dynamics, legislative implications, technology developments such as gene and cell therapies, regulatory processes and incentives, and clinical trial design concerns. This review offers insights for pharmaceutical researchers, legislators, patient advocacy organizations, and medical professionals involved in managing rare diseases by combining contemporary literature and market statistics.
A Scientific Approach to Herbal Anti-Dandruff Serum Development and Evaluation
Dandruff is a prevalent scalp condition characterized by white or yellowish flakes of dead skin, frequently accompanied by itching and irritation. It is primarily caused by overgrowth of the opportunistic fungus Malassezia furfur, which, while not a serious medical condition, can substantially impair self-confidence and, in chronic cases, may contribute to alopecia.This study describes the formulation and evaluation of a polyherbal anti-dandruff hair serum comprising Abutilon indicum leaf extract, neem (Azadirachta indica) bark extract, eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) essential oil, menthol, and Aloe barbadensis (aloe vera) gel. Each ingredient was selected for its well-documented antifungal, antibacterial, and scalp-conditioning properties. The serum was evaluated for organoleptic and physicochemical parameters including color, fragrance, pH, density, viscosity, skin irritation (patch test), and anti-dandruff efficacy (agar well diffusion method). The formulation displayed a uniform yellowish-green appearance, a pH of 6.0 (within the optimal scalp-compatible range of 4.5–6.5), a density of 1.027 g/mL, and a viscosity of 1.1 cP. Skin patch testing on 10 volunteers demonstrated no irritation, and microbiological assessment confirmed significant antifungal activity against Malassezia furfur. The serum exhibited excellent stability, nourishing properties, and anti-dandruff efficacy, indicating strong potential as a safe and effective natural alternative to synthetic anti-dandruff formulations.
Design and optimization of gastro retentive bilayer floating tablets of levodopa
According to this perspective, the gradation of the available medication delivery technologies is the main obstacle faced by healthcare providers. Effective disease/disorder management, fewer side effects, and more patient compliance in an economical way are the ultimate goals of any medication delivery system. By controlling the drug release in the body in a well-defined, regulated manner, the therapeutic indices of the medicine could be maximised while the indices of unfavourable reactions or side effects might be minimised. Parkinsonism diseases are treated with levodopa, an immediate precursor of dopamine. The goal of the current study is to create levodopa floating matrix tablets that will increase the drug's stomach residence time and improve absorption. The goal of the current study was to create levodopa floating tablets using the direct compression method.For a number of post-compression evaluation criteria, including tablet thickness, hardness, weight variation, floating lag time, total floating time, content homogeneity, and in vitro drug release, the formulated tablets demonstrated satisfactory results. Compared to the other formulations, Formulation F2 provided more regulated drug release and floating characteristics. The Korsmeyer-Peppas model, Higuchi model, and first-order model fit the release pattern of the F2 formulations the best. In conclusion, the proposed levodopa floating matrix tablet may be considered a promising formulation that could provide better management of Parkinsonism disorders by releasing the medication in the stomach at a controlled rate.
Humic acid: comprehensive review of production, structure, characterization and applications
Humic acid represents an intricate heterogeneous compound of organic compounds of large molecular weight, which are synthesized in protracted soil throughout the humification of plant and animal deposits. This actuarial review in basic to applied approach considers humic acid, definition, sources, production process, structure properties, analytical estimation, physicochemical properties with multifunctional his use in agricultural, industrial and environmental areas etc. higher peat, soil organic materials, leonardite and lignite (80-50%) in ancient deposite of coal. The processes involved in the production consist of the usual alkaline extraction through the natural beds and the recent production processes based on biotechnology which involves a fungal fermentation. Molecularly, the chemical structure of the HAs is an aromatic and aliphatic backbone with functional groups of carboxylic, phenolic, quinone and methoxy functional groups and provides them with chemical characteristics of novel chelating, buffering, and bioactivity. The characterization is conducted analytically with the aid of a series of methodologies such as elemental, UV-visible (E4/E6-ratio), FTIR, NMR, and colorimetric. Part of this is in the form of molecular weights between the 1,700- 6,000Da, amphiphilic as well as pH buffering and metal binding capabilities. Applications Uses Agricultural soil amendments, plant growth bidder, industrial applications- batteries, ceramics, environmental cleanup and cosmetic supplements/ food supplements. The possible effects of limitations to the environment are by affecting the quality of water, cost, regulatory, as well as lack of full knowledge of the ecological effects in the long run. The review gives an overview of the available knowledge covering science and technology of humic acid with of primary concerns of its enhanced sustainable use in the varied fields through highlighting of opportunities and challenges.
Amino Acid Deprivation Therapy: A Promising Avenue in Cancer Treatment
A promising method for treating cancer is amino acid deprivation therapy, which targets the metabolic reliance of cancer cells on particular amino acids. Because of their elevated rates of proliferation and dysregulated metabolic pathways, many cancer cells have a higher need for certain amino acids than normal cells. The therapeutic potential of amino acid deprivation is examined in this paper, with particular attention paid to the depletion of essential amino acids that are essential for the survival and proliferation of cancer cells, such as glutamine, methionine, and arginine. There is discussion of several tactics, such as the use of small-molecule inhibitors, dietary restrictions, and recombinant enzymes (such as arginine deiminase and asparaginase).The study also assesses preclinical and clinical research that shows these methods are safe and effective for various cancer types. Additionally examined are the mechanisms by which amino acid deficiency triggers cell cycle arrest, autophagy, and apoptosis. Potential combinatorial techniques to improve therapeutic efficacy are discussed, along with difficulties relating to toxicity and resistance mechanisms. Future directions in amino acid deprivation therapy are highlighted in the review's conclusion, with a focus on the necessity of individualized strategies catered to each tumors unique metabolic weakness.
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NETWORK PHARMACOLOGY AND MOLECULAR DOCKING APPROACHES FOR HERBAL FORMULATIONS: MECHANISTIC INSIGHTS, THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS, AND TRANSLATIONAL PERSPECTIVES
For ages, traditional medical systems including Ayurveda, Traditional Chinese Medicine, Unani, and Siddha have relied heavily on herbal and polyherbal compositions. Because they are multi-component and multi-target, the molecular mechanisms behind their therapeutic efficacy are still poorly understood, despite their widespread clinical use. Molecular docking in conjunction with network pharmacology has become a potent systems-level method in recent years for deciphering the intricate pharmacological effects of herbal remedies. The conceptual framework, databases, computational tools, and integrated workflows used in network pharmacology and docking-based studies of herbal formulations are all well covered in this review. In order to identify important bioactive components, hub targets, and crucial signaling pathways, the review emphasizes how network pharmacology makes it possible to build compound–target–pathway–disease networks. By providing structural and energetic validation of predicted interactions, molecular docking enhances mechanistic interpretations and supports this method. There includes a critical discussion of applications in several important disease domains, such as cancer, metabolic disorders, neurological illnesses, cardiovascular problems, inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases. The translational significance of integrated computational techniques is further demonstrated by representative case studies such triphala, ashwagandha formulations, curcumin-based polyherbal combinations, and traditional Chinese polyherbal prescriptions. The paper also discusses translational viewpoints, regulatory issues, experimental validation techniques, and existing constraints on data correctness, database completeness, and reliability. Additionally, future directions in digital herbal pharmacology, network toxicology, multi-omics integration, and artificial intelligence are described. All things considered, this review highlights how network pharmacology and molecular docking can be used to create a strong and reliable framework for updating herbal medicine research and promoting evidence-based, multi-target drug discovery.
REVIEW ON FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF ANTI-ACNE CONCEALER
Acne is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder that involves the pilosebaceousgland. It is a common universal disease affecting about 85% of adolescents. Acne is a socially distressing skin condition created by propionibacterium acne, which has generally been treated with antibiotics. In the previous reported researches and review study, many types of concealer were prepared and used against acne and dermatitis to treat them. A concealer, a color corrector, is a cosmetic product that masks skin imperfections. Theseimperfectionsinclude dark circles under the eyes, blemishes, and hyperpigmentation. The formulation of medicated concealer, which includes dimethicone, Kojicdipalmitate, magnesium aluminum silicate, and propylene glycol, was carried out. The ingredients used in the preparation of cosmetics with their desirable properties to enhance the quality of the product in such a waythat they have the properties of good penetration, control release of medicament, maintain good compatibility of the active ingredients with other excipients, product stability in different conditions and provide better skin protection from sun rays. The concealer contains qualities like moisturizing, conditioning, emollient effects, anti-bacterial properties, etc., typically used to treat acne. This review includes types of acne, factors responsible, and common contents included in the concealer with their properties.
NEXT-GENERATION DIABETES CARE: INTEGRATING GENETICS, BIOMARKERS, AND PRECISION MEDICINE
Prediabetes represents a critical yet heterogeneous metabolic state affecting more than 100 million individuals worldwide, characterized by elevated glucose levels that fall below the threshold for type 2 diabetes (T2D). Although lifestyle interventions such as dietary modification, physical activity, and weight management significantly reduce T2D incidence at the population level, substantial inter-individual variability exists in both disease susceptibility and response to these interventions. This variability limits the effectiveness of conventional “one-size-fits-all” prevention strategies and highlights the need for a precision-based approach to lifestyle medicine.This review synthesizes evidence from large randomized controlled trials and prospective cohort studies demonstrating that intensive lifestyle modification can reduce T2D risk by approximately 50–60% and delay disease onset by several years. However, the persistence of progression in many individuals despite optimal lifestyle change underscores underlying biological heterogeneity driven by genetic, metabolic, and molecular factors. We examine emerging molecular biomarkers-including microRNAs, metabolites, inflammatory proteins, and lipid species-that offer earlier detection of dysglycemia, stratification of diabetes risk, prediction of therapeutic response, and identification of individuals prone to complications. We further explore advances in genomic medicine, including genome-wide association studies, polygenic risk scores, and pharmacogenomics, which provide insight into individual susceptibility and therapeutic responsiveness.The integration of multi-omics technologies with lifestyle data presents a transformative opportunity to personalize diabetes prevention and management. However, major challenges remain, including biomarker validation, assay standardization, clinical utility, cost-effectiveness, and ethical considerations surrounding genetic data. Overall, lifestyle precision medicine, supported by molecular and genomic profiling, offers a promising pathway to more targeted, effective, and sustainable strategies for preventing and managing type 2 diabetes.
COMPARATIVE KARYOMORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF IN VIVO GROWN PLANT SPECIES OF ALOE VERA FROM DIFFERENT REGIONS OF INDIA
Comparing the karyomorphological characteristics of five different Aloe vera species that were collected from different regions of India and cultivated in vivo is the aim of this study. Cytological investigations were conducted to evaluate the distinctions among these species. The centromeric index, chromosome number, karyotype asymmetry, and total chromatin length were measured in order to detect variations. The data revealed significant inter-varietal variations, indicating that these Aloe species can differ from one another cytogenetically. Variations in chromosomal structure, centromeric position, and chromatin organization were found using karyotypic analysis. Cytogenetic traits and chromosomal variations were to be evaluated in order to understand the evolutionary links and genetic diversity among these species. This study provides valuable information about the chromosomal architecture and evolutionary cytogenetics of Aloe species in India, while also emphasizing the importance of karyological data in supporting species classification, biodiversity conservation, and the selection of superior genotypes for cultivation and pharmacological research.
CORDYCEPIN AS A LEAD BIOACTIVE MOLECULE FROM CORDYCEPS: MOLECULAR MECHANISMS AND CLINICAL PROSPECTS
Cordycepin (3′-deoxyadenosine), a naturally occurring nucleoside analog predominantly isolated from Cordyceps species, has attracted significant scientific interest as a lead bioactive molecule with broad pharmacological potential. Structurally analogous to adenosine but lacking a 3′-hydroxyl group, cordycepin interferes with nucleic acid synthesis, RNA polyadenylation, and multiple intracellular signaling pathways. Extensive preclinical evidence demonstrates that cordycepin exerts diverse biological activities, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, metabolic, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective effects. These actions are mediated through modulation of key molecular pathways such as AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), NF-κB, MAPKs, PI3K/Akt, mTOR, and mitochondrial signaling networks. Despite robust mechanistic and experimental support, clinical translation of cordycepin remains limited due to challenges including poor oral bioavailability, rapid degradation by adenosine deaminase, lack of standardized formulations, and scarcity of well-controlled human clinical trials using purified compound. Recent advances in biosynthesis, formulation strategies, and delivery systems offer promising avenues to overcome these limitations. This review critically summarizes the chemical characteristics, biosynthesis, molecular mechanisms, pharmacological activities, clinical prospects, and translational challenges of cordycepin, highlighting future research directions required to advance it from a promising natural product to a clinically viable therapeutic agent for complex chronic diseases.
ECO-FRIENDLY GREEN SYNTHESIS VERSUS CONVENTIONAL CHEMICAL METHODS OF NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESIS: IMPLICATIONS FOR BIOMEDICAL EFFICACY, SAFETY, AND APPLICATIONS
Nanoparticles (NPs) have revolutionized the field of biomedicine, but their therapeutic potential critically depends on the methods used for their synthesis. Traditional chemical approaches, such as co-precipitation and sol-gel methods, allow precise control over NP size, shape, and crystallinity, making them highly effective and amenable to industrial-scale production. However, these methods often generate toxic by-products, utilize hazardous reagents, and consume significant energy, posing environmental and health risks. In contrast, green (biological) synthesis techniques employ eco-friendly reducing agents, including plant extracts, microorganisms, and bio-waste. This approach offers a safer, cost-effective, and environmentally sustainable alternative, providing improved biocompatibility and a better safety profile, largely due to natural bioactive surface-capping agents. This review compares conventional chemical and green synthesis methods of nanoparticles, evaluating their effects on physicochemical properties and biomedical performance. Additionally, it provides a detailed discussion of their applications in areas such as antimicrobial activity, drug delivery, and imaging, highlighting the superior safety and lower toxicity of green-synthesized NPs. Overall, despite the technical precision of chemical methods, green synthesis techniques demonstrate lower environmental impact, reduced toxicity, and enhanced safety, making them the most desirable and sustainable approach for developing nanoparticles for both biomedical and non-medical applications, including environmental remediation and sustainable agriculture.
Simultaneous estimation of linagliptin and resveratrol: development and validation of a uv-spectroscopic stability-indicating method
The simultaneous identification and detection of both medications is a challenge when a pharmaceutical product is formulated with a dual or combination drug delivery system. The most straightforward, precise, and dependable technique among the many that are accessible is UV spectroscopy. We have successfully developed and validated the UV Spectroscopy technique for concurrent estimation of Linagliptin (LGT) and Resveratrol (RSV). The percentage recovery of each drug at 50%, 100%, and 150% of the developed simultaneous equation was found to be 50.3% to 49.7%, 100.8% to 101.3%, and 150.3% to 149.7%for LGT and RSV, respectively. The percent relative standard deviation of the LGT and RSV mixture, the intra-day analysis was determined and found to be 1.221% at λ1 and 1.162% at λ2, respectively. In the inter-day study, % RSD was determined to be 1.136% at λ1 and 1.393% atλ2, respectively. Based on the data, we conclude that our approach is exact and accurate. Through the use of forced deterioration testing in a stability study, we have further verified our approach. Both of our medications were shown to breakdown in oxidative, alkaline, and acidic degradation conditions. Thermal and photolytic degradation studies were also conducted. Based on the findings, it was determined that our simultaneous estimation UV Spectroscopy approach is dependable and can open up new research avenues.
International Conference on Recent updates in Physiotherapy - EYAN 2018
Motion sickness is a normal physiological response which causes disorientation and fatigue while travelling. The symptoms can also occur when a visual perception indicates that a motion is taking place, but the body is not actually moving. Motion sickness consists of following of signs and symptoms: drowsiness, dizziness, discomfort, repetitive yawning, stomach upset, nausea, sweating, malaise, vomiting and lack of interest.
Biotechnology for Sustainable Development to Meet Global Challenges
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in food-borne pathogens especially Escherichia coli, is of a serious concern in recent years. Extended beta-lactamase resistant (ESBL) resistant E.coli species have recently emerged and have been the source of concern in both human and animal health. This study was conducted to detect the presence of ESBL resistant E.coli in raw chicken meat and bean sprouts in Kota Bharu, Kelantan by using Kirby-Bauer methods for antibiotic sensitivity test (AST) and molecular detection of the ESBL resistance encoding genes by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 100 samples comprised of 50 raw chicken meat and 50 bean sprouts were collected and processed microbiologically. Out of 100 food samples that were collected and processed through routine microbiological isolation, 31% (31/100) of E. coli were identified phenotypically.
The study analyses whether any difference (Gap) exists between the organizational initiatives perceived and organizational initiatives expected by the BPO employees and the influence of demographic characteristics on this gap. Primary and secondary data are utilized in this descriptive study and the population comprised of all the BPO organizations in Kochi region, in Kerala. The sampling design is probability sampling and sampling method is simple random sampling. The data was collected from 7 BPO organizations in Info park and the sample size is 637. The data collected though structured closed ended questionnaire was analysed using SPSS for exploratory factor analysis and AMOS for Confirmatory factor analysis. KMO & Barlett’s test, Cronbach Alpha was used to measure sampling adequacy and questionnaire reliability respectively. Statistical tools include mean, independent z test, ANOVA, Coefficient of variation, GAP, regression analysis and the various goodness of fit measures.
This study was to examine the effectiveness of neuro feedback training by observing the pre and post brainwave measurement. The study took place at neuro-training center B, in between the months of Jun. 2015 and Dec. First group which is different number of training from the date of each client's request by 40 times or more men decided. Results of about 60 (experimental group 30, comparative group 30) subjects who have shown academic anxiety progression. As the brainwaves are adjusted by time series linear analysis. The result confirmed the differences of both activity quotient, emotion quotient and academic anxiety.
The system to recreate an existing work of art into a work of convergence artworks that enables interaction with viewers utilizing the open source hardware "arduino" and electronic components was designed and implemented. The implemented work of convergence art was configured in such a way that arduino, various sensors and the actuator were connected to the existing work of art to move a part of the picture or operate output devices such as LED and speaker according to the interaction with viewers. Also, the viewers were allowed to control and appreciate the work of convergence art actively using an android device.
This special issue of IJPBS is dedicated to Dr.G.VISWANATHAN – Chancellor and founder ofVellore Engineering College in 1984 at Vellore. He envisaged that this institution would offer world-class education to students who would in turn create an indelible impact on the society. The engineering college that started with an intake of 180 students in 1984 has evolved as a university with two campuses. Over 25,000 students are enrolled in 53 undergraduate and graduate programs with nearly 16,000 residing on the campus. It attracts students and professors from different parts of the world. It houses more than 1000 international students on campus. For the past two years, VIT University has been ranked #1 private engineering institution in India. ISO Certification from Holland, International accreditation from the United Kingdom and the USA, and the highest accreditation grade from the Government of India reflect the University’s penchant for excellence on all fronts.
Shifting Paradigms on New Chemical Entities in India-Role of Process Chemistry
This special issue of IJPBS is dedicated to Prof Baru Vijaya Kumar as he celebrates his 58th birthday and moves on from the current phase of his career as a great and successful teacher and active researcher. On this memorable occasion, his colleagues, students and friends, wish him a happy, healthy and pleasant life ahead. As a tribute to Dr. Baru, we present a brief summary of his scientific career and achievements over the past 35 years.
Cytotoxicity of curcumin, taurine and alpha tocopherol acetate on zr-75-1 cell line
Breast cancer continues to be one of the major contributors to cancer-related illness and death across the globe. Although current therapies are effective, they are often associated with significant side effects and invasive treatment protocols. This study explores the cytotoxic potential of three phytochemicals-Taurine, Alpha Tocopherol Acetate (α-TEA), and Curcumin-on ZR-75-1 human breast cancer cell lines, aiming to identify natural compounds that could serve as safer, adjunctive therapeutic options. Using the MTT assay, the effects of varying concentrations of each compound were assessed. Taurine and α-TEA exhibited cytotoxic effects at millimolar concentrations, while Curcumin demonstrated strong anticancer potential at low nanomolar concentrations. These findings support the role of phytochemicals in breast cancer treatment and underscore the need for further research into their mechanisms of action and therapeutic applicability
Exploring the association between psychological distress and cannabis edible use among u.s. adults: a descriptive epidemiologic study
Background: Cannabis edibles represent a rapidly expanding segment of cannabis consumption in the United States, yet their association with psychological distress remains poorly understood. This descriptive cross-sectional study aimed to assess whether adults experiencing past-month psychological distress were more likely to report cannabis edible use compared with those without distress, providing evidence to inform mental health–focused prevention strategies. Methods: Data were drawn from the 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) and included adults aged 18 years and older. Past-month cannabis edible use served as the dependent variable, and past-month psychological distress was the primary predictor. Weighted prevalence estimates and multivariable survey-weighted logistic regression analyses were conducted, adjusting for demographic and behavioral covariates. Results: The prevalence of edible use was substantially higher among adults with psychological distress (13.5%, 95% CI: 12.0–15.0) compared with those without distress (5.6%, 95% CI: 5.2–5.9). In adjusted analyses, psychological distress remained significantly associated with increased odds of edible use (AOR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.21–1.71, p < 0.001). Edible users were also more likely to engage in concurrent alcohol and tobacco use and report symptoms of depression, anxiety, or suicidal ideation, suggesting overlapping behavioral risk patterns. Conclusion: Psychological distress was independently linked to greater cannabis edible use among U.S. adults. Future research should explore causal pathways and examine how product potency, accessibility, and stress-related coping behaviors contribute to this relationship to guide public health interventions and harm-reduction efforts.
To study the prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis and its effects on the hematological profile of patients in district waziristan wana
Background: Cutaneous leishmaniasis is an important health problem in Waziristan, especially in Wana and it impairs the local population both clinically and hematologically. Notwithstanding its spread, there is a dearth of studies on the effect of the disease on the hematological profile of its victims. Aim and Objectives: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis and assess its effects on the hematological profile of patients in Waziristan, Wana. The objectives were to identify the prevalence of the disease, analyze the hematological abnormalities associated with it, and examine its distribution across different age groups (0-50 years). Materials and Methods: A total of 200 samples were collected from various hospitals in Waziristan Wana, representing a population of 152,891 people. including skin lesions, were examined using microscopy, to identify Leishmania species. Blood samples were analyzed for hematological abnormalities, including normocytic normochromic anemia, neutropenia, monocytosis, lymphocytosis, and thrombocytopenia, using automated hematology analyzers. Results: The study revealed a high prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis, with significant hematological abnormalities observed, particularly normocytic normochromic anemia and thrombocytopenia. The face was identified as the most commonly affected site, with the younger age group (0-16 years) showing more pronounced hematological changes. Conclusion: This paper highlights the high incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Waziristan and its significant effect on the hematological character of patients. The results point to the necessity of specific medical measures and preventive actions in the area.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ihtisham UL Haq, Omer Khiam, Inkishaf Alam, Saddam Hussain, Qaisar Ali, Muhammad ESSA Khan, Asad Nisar, Waqas Ahmad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Evaluation of diuretic and antiurolithiatic activities of ethanolic extract of Costus igneus
The present study investigates the diuretic and antiurolithiatic potential of ethanolic leaf extract of Costus igneus in albino rats. The extract was evaluated for its ability to increase urine output and influence electrolyte excretion in comparison to standard diuretics. Additionally, antiurolithiatic activity was assessed by inducing kidney stones using ethylene glycol and ammonium chloride. Significant improvements in urinary parameters and reduction in stone-forming constituents were observed in treated groups. These findings suggest that Costus igneus exhibits promising effects in promoting renal clearance and preventing urolithiasis. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, and polyphenols, which may contribute to the observed pharmacological activities. The diuretic effect helped dilute urinary solutes, while antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties likely played a role in inhibiting stone formation. Histopathological studies supported the protective role of the extract on renal tissues. The results validate the traditional use of Costus igneus in managing urinary disorders. Further studies are recommended to isolate active constituents and explore their mechanisms of action.
A study to assess the prediction of perineal trauma during child birth using striae gravidarum among the post natal mothers at selected hospitals, sasaram, rohtas, bihar
Perineal trauma during childbirth poses significant maternal health concerns, resulting in both immediate and long-term complications such as pain, infection, incontinence, and psychological distress. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the severity of striae gravidarum and perineal trauma during vaginal delivery, as well as to explore associated demographic and obstetric factors. Conducted at Narayan Medical College & Hospital and Sadar Hospital, Sasaram, Bihar, the research employed a quantitative, non-experimental, descriptive correlational design involving 60 postnatal mothers selected through convenience sampling. Data collection tools included a demographic proforma, the Atwal Scale for striae gravidarum, and the Perineal Trauma Grading Scale. Results indicated that 35% of mothers had moderate striae and 45% experienced Grade 1 perineal trauma, with a weak positive correlation (r = 0.621) observed between striae severity and perineal trauma. Religion and socio-economic status showed significant associations with perineal trauma (p < 0.05), while birth weight was significantly associated with striae gravidarum; other demographic variables were not significant. The findings suggest that striae gravidarum could serve as a simple, non-invasive clinical indicator for identifying women at higher risk of perineal trauma, advocating for its inclusion in routine antenatal assessments to facilitate preventive interventions and improve maternal outcomes.
Antibiogram analysis and molecular characterization of multi-drug resistant genes (tetk and gyra) of staphylococcus aureus isolated from diabetic foot ulcers patients in peshawar
DFUs are one of the frequent complications of diabetic patients frequently resulting in the emergence of bacterial infections that make treatment difficult. The aim of this research was aimed at determining the antibiogram and molecular characterization of multidrug-resistant (MDR) genes, namely tetK and gyrA, in Staphylococcus aureus that was isolated on DFU patients in Peshawar, Pakistan. Sixty wound samples were taken out of DFU patients of Lady Reading Hospital, where more than 70% of respondents were males. Bacterial identification was done using biochemical tests (catalase and coagulase) and the samples were grown on the Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA). The Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion was utilized to identify the antibiotic susceptibility and PCR was done to identify the tetK and gyrA resistance genes. These findings indicated that rates of resistance to popular antibiotics were high with 100 percent resistance to ampicillin (100%), penicillin G (93%), and erythromycin (83%), with intermediate rates of resistance to tetracycline and ciprofloxacin. Further, the proportion of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and oxacillin-resistant of the isolates was 48 and 83 percent respectively. Molecular testing confirmed the existence of gyrA gene in 15 samples and tetK gene in 14 samples in which the two genes were important in antibiotic resistance. To sum up, the present paper highlights the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance to DFU infection. It highlights that persistent molecular monitoring and individualized treatment approaches should be used to provide effective treatment of infections among diabetic individuals.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kamran Khan, Aman Ullah, Ihtisham UL Haq, Omer Khiam, Zaryab Khan, Musa Khan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
In silico evaluation of plant-derived bioactive compounds targeting the mtor pathway in breast cancer: picroside ii as a promising natural inhibitor
Breast cancer represents nearly 25% of all cancer diagnoses and is a complex condition comprising various subtypes that are classified based on the presence or absence of hormone receptors. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway plays a central role in breast cancer development, as it governs crucial cellular activities such as growth, proliferation, and survival. This pathway is frequently disrupted in hormone receptor-positive breast cancers. Though mTOR inhibitors, such as rapamycin and its analog (rapalog), have shown promise in treatment, their clinical use is often hindered by undesirable side effects. Therefore, the development of novel inhibitors targeting the mTOR pathway is crucial. This study investigates the binding efficiency and molecular interactions of several anti-carcinogenic bioactive compounds namely Vindoline, Vincristine, Vinblastine, Picroside, And Cucurbitacin B against the mTOR complex using the Schrödinger Suite for molecular docking analysis. These compounds, derived from medicinal plants traditionally used in cancer therapies, including those in Siddha and other traditional medicine systems, have demonstrated therapeutic promise. Among the evaluated compounds, Picroside II, isolated from Picrorhiza kurroa, a medicinal herb extensively used in traditional Chinese medicine, showed the highest binding affinity (-12.134 kcal/mol) for mTOR, surpassing that of the reference inhibitor rapamycin. These results indicate that Picroside II could be a promising lead compound for further research in breast cancer therapy, with the potential to offer benefits over current mTOR inhibitors. These results indicate that Picroside II could be a promising lead compound for further research in the treatment of cancer, with the potential to provide improved efficacy compared to existing mTOR inhibitors.
Enhancing phlebotomy skills: evaluating the effectiveness of advanced training for medical nursing staff
Introduction: About 60% of pre-analytical errors in clinical laboratories are caused by in vitro hemolysis. A blood sample's hemolysis could result in inaccurate estimations of the true concentrations and levels of various analytes in the blood. Apart from this, it causes unnecessary pain and discomfort of the patient and delay in diagnosis. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to assess the effectiveness of medical nursing training using the sample rejection rate due to of hemolysis. Materials and Methods: The research study was a pre and post interventional time bound study on the data pertaining to hemolysed samples received in the Biochemistry Department, Yenepoya Medical College Hospital Central Laboratory, during the time period from October 2022 to February 2022. Samples rejected due to hemolysis were analysed and training were given to the medical nursing staff by certified phlebotomists. Data were collected two months before and two months after the training, from the sample rejection book maintained in the Laboratory. The McNemar test was used to assess whether the training is helpful to decrease the proportion of hemolyzed samples. Results: The rate of hemolysed samples decreased significantly in the month of training with the p value of < 0.0001 on comparing the rate of hemolysis before training. The rate of hemolyzed samples before training and during the intervention month differed significantly (2.2% vs. 1.35%). Conclusion: The training demonstrated a significant short-term effect in reducing the rate of hemolysed samples; however, the long-term impact remains inconclusive. Since accurate laboratory test results are crucial for clinical decision-making, implementing frequent training sessions and ongoing medical education programs for medical staff can further lower the rate of hemolyzed samples, improve the quality of laboratory results, and improve clinical outcomes.
Therapeutic role of nimesulide in acute pain: from formulation to in vivo study
Nimesulide, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor, is a promising therapeutic agent for acute pain management owing to its rapid onset of action, favorable pharmacokinetics, and improved safety profile compared to conventional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The present study aimed to develop and evaluate Nimesulide tablets, focusing on their Preformulation, formulation, and pharmacological performance. Pre-compression and post-compression parameters confirmed acceptable flow and compressibility properties, with tablets demonstrating uniform weight, optimal hardness, low friability, and rapid disintegration. Drug content analysis revealed >98% uniformity, while in vitro release studies showed nearly complete drug release within 30 minutes, suggesting suitability for immediate pain relief. UV-spectrophotometric calibration confirmed linearity in the 6–28 µg/mL range (R² > 0.99). Solubility studies indicated poor aqueous solubility but better solubility in ethanol and acidic media. In vivo evaluation using the tail flick method in Wistar rats demonstrated a significant increase in pain threshold, with latency times increasing from 2 seconds (baseline) to 27 seconds at 1-hour post-administration, confirming a potent analgesic effect. Overall, the results validate Nimesulide’s role as an effective and well-tolerated analgesic for acute pain management, supporting its clinical relevance in modern therapeutics.