International Journal of Zoology, Environment and Life Sciences
International Journal of Zoology, Environment and Life Sciences (Online ISSN: 3048-9598) (Int Jou of Zoo, Env and Lif Sci) is a tri-annual, peer-reviewed, open-access journal that publishes original research articles and review papers in Biological, Environmental, and Pharmacological Sciences. It operates under a fully open-access model, allowing global access to all published content. The journal is an official publication of Lapin Press Publications (LPP).
Molecular Phylogeny, and Integrated Nutritional, Antioxidant, Antidiabetic, and Anticancer Assessment of Littoraria scabra from Coringa Mangroves
The present study investigates the nutritional composition, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anticancer properties of the estuarine gastropod Littoraria scabra, collected from the Coringa mangroves of Andhra Pradesh, India. Molecular identification using the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene confirmed species identity and revealed a close phylogenetic relationship with other L. scabra isolates, forming a distinct clade within the genus. Nutritional analysis of the muscle tissue showed high moisture (76.87±5.68 g/100 g FW) and protein content (17.83±2.56 g/100 g FW), with moderate levels of ash, carbohydrates, lipids, and free amino acids. Methanolic extracts of L. scabra muscle exhibited concentration-dependent antioxidant activities, as demonstrated by increasing free radical scavenging capacities in DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, superoxide, and nitric oxide assays. The extracts also demonstrated significant in vitro antidiabetic potential, including enhanced glucose adsorption, inhibition of hemoglobin glycosylation, increased glucose uptake by yeast, and α-amylase inhibition, all with favourable EC₅₀ values. Furthermore, the methanolic extracts showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity against MCF-7 and HL-60 cell lines, with IC₅₀ values of 6.91 mg and 10.26 mg, respectively. These findings highlight the nutritional value of L. scabra and demonstrate its promising bioactive properties, supporting its potential as a source of natural antioxidants, antidiabetic agents, and anticancer compounds. This study contributes valuable insights for future research on estuarine gastropods as alternative food sources and reservoirs of therapeutic compounds.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
PROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF MUSCLE IN THREE MARINE FOOD FISH SPECIES FROMTHE KAKINADA COAST,ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA
Marine fishes serve as an important source of high-quality nutrients for human consumption, particularly in the coastal regions of India. The present study aims to investigate the proximate and mineral composition of commercially important marine fish species collected from the Kakinada coast of Andhra Pradesh, India, namely Rastrelliger kanagurta (Indian mackerel), Mugil cephalus (flathead grey mullet), and Sardinella longiceps (Indian oil sardine). The proximate parameters of the fish samples, including moisture content, crude protein, lipid content, ash content, and carbohydrate content, were estimated using standard analytical methods. In addition, major minerals present in the fish samples-such as calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and iron-were also determined in this study. The moisture content of the fish samples ranged from 70.8% in Rastrelliger kanagurta to 75.9% in Mugil cephalus, while the crude protein content ranged from 18.4% in Rastrelliger kanagurta to 20.1% in Sardinella longiceps. The lipid content was found to be higher in mackerel and sardine, classifying them as oily fish, whereas Mugil cephalus exhibited lower lipid levels and can therefore be categorized as a lean fish. Furthermore, the calcium content of Sardinella longiceps was found to be exceptionally high, highlighting its nutritional superiority among the fish species analyzed in this study.
OUTCOME MEASURE RESPONSIVENESS IN NEUROLOGICAL REHABILITATION: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
Neurological physiotherapy aims to improve functional ability, independence, and quality of life in individuals with neurological disorders through targeted rehabilitation interventions. Accurate assessment of treatment outcomes is fundamental to evidence-based practice, and among the key psychometric properties of outcome measures-validity, reliability, and responsiveness-responsiveness plays a critical role in detecting true and meaningful change over time. This review examines the concept of responsiveness, its distinction from validity and reliability, and its importance in neurological physiotherapy. Distribution-based and anchor-based methods used to assess responsiveness, including effect size, standardized response mean, minimal detectable change (MDC), and minimal clinically important difference (MCID), are discussed in detail. The responsiveness of commonly used outcome measures across major neurological conditions such as stroke, Parkinson’s disease, spinal cord injury, and multiple sclerosis is reviewed. Factors influencing responsiveness, including disease stage, intervention intensity, measurement intervals, and patient-related and contextual variables, are highlighted. The review further explores clinical implications, challenges, and future directions, emphasizing the need for responsive, patient-centered, and technology-enhanced outcome measures to optimize clinical decision-making and rehabilitation outcomes.
Minimal clinically important difference (MCID)
PHARMACEUTICAL MONITORING OF EYE FLOATERS
Eye floaters are small, shadow-like shapes that appear to drift across a person’s field of vision. They are commonly described as spots, threads, cobwebs, or squiggly lines and are most noticeable when looking at a bright or plain background. Floaters occur due to changes in the vitreous humor, the gel-like substance that fills the eye. With aging, the vitreous gradually becomes more liquid, causing tiny fibers within it to clump together and cast shadows on the retina, which are perceived as floaters. Although eye floaters are generally harmless and a natural part of the aging process, a sudden increase in floaters, flashes of light, or loss of peripheral vision may indicate serious conditions such as retinal detachment or vitreous hemorrhage. Diagnosis typically involves a comprehensive eye examination, including dilated fundus evaluation. In most cases, no treatment is required, and floaters become less noticeable over time. However, in severe or vision-impairing cases, treatment options such as vitrectomy or laser therapy may be considered. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and potential complications of eye floaters is essential for early detection and prevention of vision-threatening conditions.
INSECT COMMUNICATION: HIDDEN MESSAGES BEHIND SURVIVAL
The earliest evidence of life on Earth dates back 480 million years, according to palaeontologists. Life evolved from microscopic cellular forms to complex multicellular organisms. Throughout evolutionary history, the advancement of life as a group would not have been possible without cells, tissues, and systems communicating with each other through specific communication mechanisms. It is interesting to study the mechanisms of communication associated with insects and the use of various signals to convey different kinds of information. Insects have a wide range of mechanisms, including acoustic, visual, chemical, and tactile communication. More important is the evolution of animals' use of signals to share information about predators.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE PROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF MALE AND FEMALE YELLOWFIN TUNA (THUNNUS ALBACARES) OFF THE VISAKHAPATNAM COAST, INDIA
The present study evaluates and compares the proximate composition of muscle tissue in male and female yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) collected from the Visakhapatnam coast, eastern India. Biochemical constituents such as moisture, protein, lipid, and carbohydrate were analyzed using standard analytical methods. Results revealed noticeable sex-based variations in muscle composition. Female tuna exhibited marginally higher lipid and moisture content, whereas male tuna showed relatively higher protein concentration. Carbohydrate content remained low and comparable in both sexes. These differences are attributed to physiological and reproductive energy allocation patterns. The findings highlight the importance of sex-based nutritional assessment for fisheries management, processing strategies, and value-added product development.
Plant–animal interactions in a changing climate: integrating botanical and zoological perspectives for sustainable ecosystem management
Plant–animal interactions form the structural and functional backbone of terrestrial ecosystems, influencing pollination, herbivory, seed dispersal, and nutrient cycling. Climate change is rapidly altering these interactions through shifts in temperature, precipitation regimes, atmospheric CO₂, and disturbance patterns. These environmental changes affect plant physiology, phenology, chemical defenses, and reproductive strategies, while simultaneously reshaping animal behavior, metabolism, and distribution. Asynchronous phenological shifts-known as mismatches-are becoming increasingly common, threatening mutualistic relationships such as pollination and seed dispersal. At the same time, elevated CO₂ and altered temperatures are modifying herbivore feeding rates and plant defense expression, contributing to cascading ecological and evolutionary consequences. This review synthesizes botanical and zoological perspectives to provide an integrated understanding of how climate change influences plant–animal interactions across multiple ecological levels. It highlights emerging methodologies, including network modeling, long-term phenological monitoring, and experimental climate manipulations, and outlines strategies for sustainable ecosystem management. Emphasizing interdisciplinary approaches, the review underscores the need for adaptive management, restoration practices that account for both plant and animal physiology, and policies that enhance resilience in a rapidly changing climate.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The impact of climate change on animal migration and behavioural adaptation
Climate change is profoundly reshaping animal migration and behavioural ecology by altering environmental cues, resource availability, and habitat connectivity. Rising temperatures, shifting precipitation patterns, and increasing frequency of extreme weather events disrupt the phenology, routes, and timing of migration in a wide range of taxa. These changes induce behavioural and physiological adaptations, including altered reproductive timing, foraging strategies, sedentism, and modified social interactions. In marine and terrestrial ecosystems alike, species face mismatches between migratory schedules and prey availability, increased energetic costs, and emerging disease risks. While some species display remarkable plasticity, others may lack the capacity to adapt quickly enough, threatening population viability. Conservation strategies must integrate climate-driven behavioural shifts, preserve critical corridors, and consider both proximate mechanisms (e.g.,neurophysiological adaptations) and ultimate ecological consequences.
Energetic trade-offs Habitat connectivity
beetroot in modern herbal cosmetology: multifunctional face packs for healthy, glowing skin
Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) is a widely consumed root vegetable valued for its nutritional, medicinal, and cosmetic applications. In recent years, its use in herbal face pack formulations has gained attention due to its rich phytochemical profile, including betalains, flavonoids, polyphenols, and vitamin C, which contribute to antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and skin rejuvenating properties. This review highlights the role of beetroot in skincare, focusing on its ability to brighten complexion, reduce pigmentation, control acne, delay premature aging, and provide natural hydration. In addition, when combined with other herbal ingredients such as honey, aloe vera, Multanimitti, and sandalwood, beetroot-based formulations exhibit synergistic effects in managing diverse skin types including oily, dry, sensitive, and mature skin. Literature from peer-reviewed journals, books, and research articles was systematically analysed to summarize the dermatological potential of beetroot and its formulations. Overall, beetroot face packs represent a safe, effective, and natural alternative to chemical-based cosmetics, supporting their potential as functional skincare agents.
Drug utilisation study of anti-hypertensive drugs in a tertiary care hospital
Hypertension is a major public health problem, and rational prescribing of antihypertensive drugs is critical for optimizing patient outcomes. The present prospective observational study was conducted over six months in the Department of General Medicine, SVS Medical College and Hospital, Mahbubnagar, to evaluate drug utilization patterns of antihypertensive medications. A total of 150 hypertensive patients were enrolled after applying inclusion criteria, and prescriptions were analyzed for demographic distribution, comorbidities, and prescribing trends. The majority of patients were aged 51–60 years (34.0%), with males being more commonly affected (60%). Diabetes mellitus was the most frequent comorbidity (40%), followed by hypertension alone (37.3%), cerebrovascular accident (8.7%), thyroid disorders (6.7%), hypertensive urgency (3.3%), bronchiolitis (2.7%), and heart failure (1.3%). Monotherapy was predominant, with ACE inhibitors (26.7%) being the most prescribed class, followed by angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs, 23.3%), calcium channel blockers (20.0%), thiazide diuretics (13.3%), β-blockers (10.0%), and loop diuretics or other agents (3.3%), while fixed-dose combinations were used sparingly (3.3%). Comorbidity profiles largely guided prescribing: ACEI/ARBs were preferred in diabetes, CVA, and heart failure; β-blockers were selectively used in thyroid disorders and heart failure; and non-selective β-blockers were avoided in bronchiolitis. The findings highlight that comorbidity-based prescribing patterns largely aligned with evidence-based recommendations. Early detection, rational drug selection, and reinforcement of lifestyle modifications remain essential to preventing complications and improving long-term management of hypertension.
First description of a crabspiders species stiphropussangayus, barrion&litsinger, 1995(aranae: araneomorphae : thomisidae) in Odisha, India
The present paper describe a new Thomisidae (Crab spiders) species Stiphropussangayus, Barrion&Litsinger, 1995 was First time recorded in Odisha state. Genus Stiphropus Gersaeker, 1873 is the first genera and the first species that is observed in Kokasara region, Kalahandi district, Odisha, India. The study increases a little fundamental knowledge about crab spider, specially Stiphropussangayus in odisha state.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jashavant Nayak, Hitesh Kumar Warte, Leena Sahu, Rajanikant4 (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Human Metapneumovirus: Emerging Threat in Respiratory Tract Infections
Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV), first identified in 2001, is now recognized as a major viral pathogen responsible for acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) globally, particularly affecting infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. Belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family, HMPV shares structural and clinical similarities with Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), presenting with symptoms ranging from mild upper respiratory tract infections to severe bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Despite its significant clinical burden, no specific antiviral therapy or approved vaccine exists for HMPV, and management is largely supportive. The virus circulates seasonally, peaking in late winter and early spring, with co-infections further complicating diagnosis and treatment. Molecular diagnostics such as RT-PCR are the gold standard for HMPV detection, offering high sensitivity and specificity. Current research focuses on monoclonal antibodies and vaccine development using platforms like mRNA and recombinant protein technology. However, challenges such as immune evasion, genetic variability, underreporting, and limited surveillance systems hinder effective control. Preventive strategies-including infection control practices, early detection, and public health awareness-are crucial in managing outbreaks. Future directions include the development of novel therapeutics, integrated global surveillance, and large-scale vaccine trials. This review consolidates current knowledge on the epidemiology, virology, clinical manifestations, diagnostics, treatment, and prevention of HMPV, emphasizing its growing significance in global respiratory health.
A Comprehensive Review on the Efficacy of Neelibhringadi Hair Oil in Modern Hair Care
Hair-related problems such as dandruff, excessive hair fall, premature greying, and thinning have emerged as common cosmetic and dermatological concerns, largely triggered by modern lifestyle factors including stress, pollution, inadequate nutrition, and overuse of chemical-laden hair products. In this context, Neelibhringadi Hair Oil, a time-honored Ayurvedic formulation, offers a promising, natural alternative for comprehensive scalp and hair care. This polyherbal oil blends traditional botanical ingredients—Bhringraj (Eclipta alba), Neeli (Indigofera tinctoria), Amla (Emblica officinalis), Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri), and Methi (Trigonella foenum-graecum)—in a nourishing base of sesame or coconut oil. Together, these herbs exhibit potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities, believed to enhance blood circulation, strengthen follicles, and rejuvenate the scalp. Ayurvedic literature attributes to the oil the ability to balance Vata and Pitta doshas, thereby addressing the root causes of hair deterioration. While most scientific validations pertain to the oil’s individual components, early evidence supports its role in promoting follicular health and reducing scalp inflammation. Furthermore, Neelibhringadi oil holds significant cultural and therapeutic value in Indian households, underscoring its widespread acceptance. This review explores the oil’s pharmacological rationale, therapeutic benefits, safety considerations, and practical limitations, emphasizing the need for modern clinical trials. Bridging this ancient wisdom with current scientific rigor may pave the way for its broader use in natural, evidence-based hair care solutions.
A Review on Floating Drug Delivery System
The oral drug delivery system is widely preferred for its convenience. Floating drug delivery systems (FDDS) offer significant advantages for drugs primarily absorbed in the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract, such as the stomach, duodenum, and jejunum. This review explores the various types, principles, mechanisms, and polymers used in FDDS. Both natural polymers like guar gum, chitosan, xanthan gum, gellan gum, and sodium alginate, as well as synthetic ones like HPMC, Eudragit, and ethyl cellulose, are commonly employed. These polymers help in prolonging gastric retention, enhancing the absorption and efficacy of drugs. FDDS has numerous benefits, such as improved bioavailability and therapeutic effectiveness. However, they also come with some limitations, such as their complexity and potential for irregular release profiles. Furthermore, infectious diseases caused by pathogens (viruses, bacteria, protozoa) can disrupt normal body functions and complicate treatments. Raising awareness about such diseases is vital for public health. The development of advanced drug delivery systems, particularly FDDS, represents a breakthrough in pharmaceutical sciences. Research continues to identify the most effective polymers for ensuring buoyancy and optimizing drug delivery. FDDS presents a promising solution to enhance drug bioavailability and improve overall treatment outcomes, offering substantial potential in the future of pharmaceutical therapies.
The Role of Molecular Docking in Drug Discovery: Current Approaches and Innovations
Molecular docking is a crucial computational technique used to predict the binding mode and affinity between ligands and target macromolecules, playing an integral role in drug discovery and development. This review delves into the methodologies, challenges, and advancements in molecular docking, emphasizing its application in virtual screening, drug repurposing, and lead optimization. The process of molecular docking relies on accurate pose and affinity predictions, which are influenced by the choice of docking program, test set diversity, and algorithmic approaches. Various docking software tools, each with their strengths and limitations, are compared to highlight their performance in different contexts. The review also explores recent trends in molecular docking, particularly its contribution to combating emerging diseases like COVID-19. Additionally, it addresses the integration of deep learning (DL) algorithms into docking experiments, enhancing pose selection and improving the accuracy of binding affinity predictions. Despite the progress, the identification of near-native binding poses remains a significant challenge, with current scoring functions often falling short in predicting the correct ligand conformation. As molecular docking methods evolve, the combination of computational techniques and DL-driven innovations holds great promise for more efficient and precise drug discovery. This review aims to provide valuable insights for researchers and clinicians in the bioinformatics and pharmaceutical industries, offering guidance on the use of docking techniques to design and optimize therapeutic agents for various diseases.
Herbal Medicines Including Cardio Protective Agents
Medicinal plants have been utilized for centuries to treat a variety of ailments, especially cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). These plants contain bioactive compounds known as phytochemicals, such as diosgenin, isoflavones, sulforaphane, catechins, and quercetin, which have shown significant cardioprotective effects. These phytochemicals possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and vasorelaxant properties, which help reduce cardiovascular abnormalities and improve overall heart health. Several plants have demonstrated promising cardiovascular benefits. Hawthorn is well-known for enhancing heart function, while garlic is recognized for lowering cholesterol levels. Ginkgo biloba improves circulation, and turmeric is celebrated for its anti-inflammatory effects. Other plants like Nerium oleander, Amaranthus viridis, and Gingerol exhibit potent antioxidant and anti-atherosclerotic properties, offering protection against myocardial damage. Studies from sources such as PubMed and Science Direct reveal that these plants’ mechanisms include reducing oxidative stress, preventing endothelial dysfunction, inhibiting platelet aggregation, and modulating lipid metabolism. These actions contribute to lowering the risk of heart diseases like atherosclerosis, hypertension, and myocardial infarction. Additionally, certain plants have shown potential in preventing myocardial damage caused by drugs like doxorubicin, which is used in cancer treatment. However, despite these promising results, further clinical research is needed to establish the safety and efficacy of these plants in cardiovascular care. Integrating herbal medicine with conventional treatments could offer a more holistic approach to managing and preventing CVDs. Exploring the wide range of medicinal plants and their phytochemicals could lead to the development of natural therapies, providing alternative or complementary options to traditional pharmaceutical treatments for heart disease.
Pharmacovigilance, the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug- related problems, is intrinsically linked to effective information management. The pivotal role of information in pharmacovigilance encompassing data collection, analysis, and dissemination for optimal patient safety. The foundation of pharmacovigilance lies in robust information system that facilitate the collection of adverse event reports from health-care professionals, Patients, and other stake holders’ Major purpose of pharmacovigilance is to gauge the benefit- risk profile of drug for better efficacy and safety to be used in patients. Pharmacovigilance plays a major role in rationale use of drug which provides the information about the adverse drug reactions which seen in patients. In terms of volume Indian Pharma industry is third largest in world and in terms of value id thirteen largest in world. India is also known as a hub for clinical research and drug development. A critical component throughout the drug development life- cycle is monitoring patient safety.
Integrative Management of Primary Dysmenorrhea Using Habbe Hilteet and Dry Cupping: A Case Report Based on Unani Principles
Primary dysmenorrhea, defined as painful menstruation without any identifiable pelvic pathology, is one of the most common gynecological conditions affecting women of reproductive age. It often results in impaired daily functioning, reduced productivity, and diminished quality of life. In the Unani system of medicine, this condition is referred to as Waja‘ al-Raḥm, commonly attributed to a Barid Yabis (cold and dry) temperament of the uterus. This case report explores the efficacy of an integrative Unani treatment combining Habbe Hilteet, a traditional polyherbal formulation known for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties, and Hijama Bila Shart (dry cupping therapy), in the management of primary dysmenorrhea. A 28-year-old female with a nine-year history of cyclic lower abdominal pain was treated over three consecutive menstrual cycles. The regimen included oral administration of Habbe Hilteet and weekly dry cupping sessions applied to the lumbar and lower abdominal regions. Clinical outcomes were evaluated using standardized tools including the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain intensity, the Menstrual Symptom Questionnaire (MSQ), and WHOQOL-BREF for assessing quality of life. The patient reported a progressive decline in pain severity and symptom burden across treatment cycles, accompanied by noticeable improvement in physical and psychological well-being. The intervention was well-tolerated with no adverse effects reported. These findings suggest that the integrative use of Habbe Hilteet and dry cupping therapy may offer a safe, non-hormonal, and holistic alternative for the management of primary dysmenorrhea. However, further validation through larger, controlled clinical trials is warranted to substantiate its therapeutic potential and reproducibility.
Copyright (c) 2024 Dr. Sadaf Ansar, Iftekhar Ahmed, Arshi Anjum (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Species diversity and protozooplankton abundance in konam reservoir, visakhapatnam, andhra pradesh
Protozooplankton plays a crucial role in aquatic ecosystems as primary grazers of phytoplankton and links to higher trophic levels. Their growth rates, abundance, biomass, and diversity serve as indicators of ecosystem health and pollution. A study was conducted in six stations of Konam Reservoir, during the period from July, 2015 to June, 2016 to investigate protozooplankton communities. During the study, two flagellate assemblages were identified: Cryptomonas-Peridinium (predominant at all stations) and Euglenids (seasonal occurrence). Ciliates formed three assemblages: Vorticella-Coleps (stagnant waters), Pelagostrombidium-Holophrya(catchment area), and Halteria-Strobilidiumgyrans (stations 2-4). These species were found to be more nutrient-dependent than water quality-dependent. The abundance of flagellates showed a gradual increase in their abundance from station 1 to 5 but the ciliates were more abundant at station 3 than at other locations. The gradual rise in ciliate composition from 1 to 3 and fall in 4 to station 6 may be attributable to the rich anthropogenic activity at station 3 than at other points of reservoir. In addition to the above, the flagellates cyanophycean and filamentous diatoms also occur in the reservoir waters playing significant role in the trophic levels of the aquatic ecosystems.
EXPLORATION OF MILLETS AND TRADITIONAL FOODS AS ADVOCATED IN SIDDHA MEDICINE IN PROMOTING OVERALL HEALTH, PREVENTION, AND MANAGEMENT OF DISEASES PROVIDING ESSENTIAL NUTRITION
Siddha medicine, an ancient system of holistic healing, emphasizes diet as a cornerstone for health. Millets and traditional foods hold a pivotal role in balancing the body’s humors (vatham, pitham, and kapam) and providing essential nutrients. This study explores their significance in promoting health and managing diseases. Objective: To investigate the role of millets and traditional foods, as prescribed in Siddha medicine, in promoting overall health, preventing diseases, and managing chronic conditions while ensuring essential nutrition. Methods: This manuscript synthesizes data from classical Siddha texts and modern research on millets and traditional foods. The review highlights their nutritional composition, therapeutic properties, and their alignment with Siddha dietary principles. Results: Millets such as pearl millet, finger millet, foxtail millet, and barnyard millet offer diverse health benefits, including improved digestion, glycemic control, and cardiovascular health. Traditional foods like legumes, fermented dishes, and seasonal vegetables provide essential nutrients and therapeutic benefits. These foods are effective in the prevention and management of diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and digestive disorders. Conclusion: The incorporation of millets and traditional foods, as advocated in Siddha medicine, promotes a holistic approach to health and disease management. These foods offer a natural and sustainable means of achieving nutritional adequacy and preventing chronic diseases.
CASE STUDIES OF ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS (ADR) IN AYUSH
Background: AYUSH systems, including Ayurveda, Siddha, Sowgarigpa Unani, Yoga, and Naturopathy, have gained significant popularity worldwide. However, there is a growing concern about adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with AYUSH formulations. Objective: This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of ADRs reported in AYUSH systems, highlighting the challenges in ADR reporting and prevention. Methods: A systematic review of literature was conducted using electronic databases to identify studies reporting ADRs in AYUSH. Relevant data on ADR types, frequency, severity, and associated factors were extracted. Results: The review revealed a limited number of studies reporting ADRs in AYUSH systems. Common ADRs included gastrointestinal disturbances, skin reactions, and neurological symptoms. However, the underreporting of ADRs in AYUSH remains a significant challenge due to various factors, such as cultural beliefs, lack of awareness, and limited healthcare infrastructure. Conclusion: While AYUSH systems offer potential benefits, it is essential to address the issue of ADRs to ensure their safe and effective use. Improved ADR reporting mechanisms, standardized pharmacovigilance practices, and further research are necessary to enhance the understanding of ADRs in AYUSH and to develop strategies for their prevention.
“Enhancing public Health through Siddha: A Pathway to holistic wellness” Kann Thinavu (Allergic Conjunctivitis): A Siddha Perspective
Kann Thinavu is one of the 96 eye diseases described in Siddha medicine. It is characterized by itching, redness, irritation, watery discharge, and blurred vision, correlating with allergic conjunctivitis in modern medicine. Siddha literature attributes its pathogenesis to deranged Pitham, Kapam, and Vatham due to internal and external factors. Aim and Objective To explore the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, and treatment modalities of Kann Thinavu as per Siddha medicine and its correlation with allergic conjunctivitis in modern science. Materials and Methods This study analyzed Siddha texts on Kann Thinavu, its classification, symptoms, and treatments. Investigations such as Neer kuri, Nei kuri, Manikkadai nool, and modern diagnostic tools like skin prick tests and serum IgE were considered. Management included step-wise normalization of Uyirthathukkal, internal and external medications, special therapies, and dietary regulations. Results Stage-wise treatment of Kann Thinavu yielded effective symptom management. - Stage 1: Internal medicines (Chooranam, Lekiyam), external therapies (Anjanam, Kann Kazhuval), and lifestyle modifications showed relief in redness and irritation. - Stage 2: Advanced medications like Parpam and oil baths improved burning sensation and swelling. - Stage 3: Comprehensive treatment with Chenthuram, Pathangam, and external therapies reduced severe inflammation and secondary infections. - Stage 4: Severe cases required referral due to complications like corneal ulceration. Conclusion Kann Thinavu, when addressed with Siddha principles and staged treatment, shows promising outcomes in symptom relief and prevention of complications. Preventive measures such as regular oil baths, purgation, and avoiding allergens play a crucial role. Siddha system offers a holistic approach to managing allergic conjunctivitis.
Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Unani Perspective on Quba (Dermatophytosis): Classical Insights and Conventional Relevance
Dermatophytosis, also known as ringworm or tinea, is a common fungal infection that affects the skin, causing rough, scaly lesions. These lesions typically appear on the trunk and may occur either singly or in clusters. It is estimated that approximately 25% of the world's population is affected by this condition. In the Unani system of medicine, Quba appears to be analogous to dermatophytosis. Despite minor differences in the etiology and pathophysiology of the disease, the overall clinical presentation and symptoms are quite similar. The primary symptom of dermatophytosis is intense itching, which significantly disrupts the quality of life, causes sleeplessness, induces anxiety, and hampers daily routine activities. In Unani classical literature, the treatment of Quba has been well-documented based on practical experiences and traditional knowledge. This review article has been compiled after an extensive literature search using various search engines such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct with keywords like Dermatophytosis, Tinea, Fungal Infection, Quba, and Unani System of Medicine. Additionally, classical Unani literature was also thoroughly reviewed to explore the concept and treatment of Quba in traditional Unani medicine. Through this review paper, an effort has been made to describe the etiopathogenesis, classification, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of Quba (Dermatophytosis) as mentioned in Unani classical texts. The information derived from the literature may provide a better understanding of this persistent skin condition and offer a potential alternative to conventional treatments. Furthermore, this paper attempts to elaborate on various aspects of Quba, highlighting the effectiveness of Unani treatment, which may contribute to improving the therapeutic approach for managing dermatophytosis.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yusra Rehman, Mohammad Anzar Husain, S. M. Abbas Zaidi, Faiza Hussain, Meraj Meraj, Munawwar Saeed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Unani Medicine in the Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Holistic Approach to Gut Health
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (Sehj-e-Ama) (IBS) is a prevalent digestive condition that disrupts normal bowel function, leading to symptoms like abdominal discomfort, pain, and irregular bowel habits. Unlike other gastrointestinal disorders, IBS does not cause any visible structural damage. Although it is frequently diagnosed in clinical settings, its underlying causes are not yet fully understood. In the past, many healthcare professionals considered IBS to be a physical reaction to psychological stress rather than a distinct medical condition. Managing IBS can be challenging for both patients and doctors, as it significantly affects daily life and lacks a straightforward treatment. While the exact cause remains uncertain, factors such as stress, anxiety, depression, diet, and gut bacteria are believed to play a role in its development. The condition is mainly characterized by symptoms such as constipation, diarrhea, bloating, and abdominal pain. Since medical tests typically show no abnormalities, diagnosis relies on assessing symptoms and medical history. At present, there is no definitive cure for IBS in any medical system. However, Unani medicine has long suggested various herbal and compound formulations to help manage digestive disorders. This review explores the preventive and therapeutic approaches to IBS within the Unani system of medicine.
Copyright (c) 2025 Noushiba Khan, Intezar Ahmad, Arif Anees, Naseem Ahmad Khan, Meraj Meraj, Numra Fatema (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Acute urticaria: a case study on diagnosis and multidisciplinary management
Urticaria is a dermatological condition characterized by transient, pruritic, erythematous wheals due to histamine release from mast cells. A 37-year-old female was admitted with red lesions and facial swelling persisting for 30 days. Three days prior to admission, she developed multiple red lesions with itching and a burning sensation. She had no history of allergies, diabetes, hypertension, or stroke. Examination revealed erythematous wheals with itching and burning. Laboratory findings showed mild anemia (Hb: 10 g/dl), leukocytosis (WBC: 12,000), and eosinophilia (5%). The patient was treated with intravenous pheniramine, oral chlorpheniramine maleate, Calamine lotion, and ranitidine. Treatment provided symptomatic relief and aimed at recurrence prevention. Preventive measures included allergen avoidance, stress management, skincare, and dietary modifications. Clinical pharmacists played a crucial role in medication adherence and lifestyle guidance. Regular dermatological follow-ups were advised. This case highlights a multidisciplinary approach to urticaria management.
Addressing environmental stewardship: prophetic perspectives on sustainability and conservation
Environmental stewardship, defined as the responsible management and care for the environment, is deeply embedded within religious teachings. In today's world, the urgency of this principle has intensified as unsustainable practices have led to widespread ecological degradation. Islam, with its holistic guidance encompassing all facets of life, offers profound insights into environmental stewardship. This review paper examines the perspectives on sustainability and conservation derived from prophetic teachings, demonstrating how these enduring principles can address contemporary environmental challenges. The Quran and Hadith emphasize the necessity of a balanced, respectful relationship with nature, positioning humans as stewards (khalifah) of the Earth, entrusted with its care and preservation. Protecting the environment is essential to maintaining the delicate balance of life, as highlighted by the Quranic principle of humanity’s guardianship over nature and the Hadith stating, "The earth is green and beautiful, and Allah has appointed you His stewards over it." The current global environmental crisis, exacerbated by globalization, economic competition, and political conflicts, underscores the need to revisit and integrate Islamic environmental teachings. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) established by the United Nations in 2015 align with Islam's strong commitment to environmental protection, reflecting the timeless relevance of the Prophet Muhammad's environmental practices. This paper concludes that integrating prophetic teachings into modern environmental discourse offers a holistic approach to tackling the urgent ecological issues of our time, effectively bridging the gap between traditional wisdom and contemporary environmental stewardship.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mohd Maruf Khan, Mehmooda Begum, Arif Anees, Akanksha Mishra (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Unani insights on migraine: psychological and holistic care
Migraine, referred to as Shaqeeqa in Unani medicine, are complex neurovascular headaches predominantly affecting one side of the head. Rooted in the imbalance of humors, Shaqeeqa is believed to arise from the accumulation of morbid matter, either vapors or humors, in vulnerable regions of the brain. Unani scholars, including Avicenna and Jurjani, classified migraines based on the nature of humoral imbalances—whether hot or cold—and proposed treatments aligned with the principles of humoral theory. Acute migraines (Shaqeeqa Haar) are associated with hot humors and are managed through evacuation (Istifragh) and cooling therapies, while chronic migraines (Shaqeeqa Barid) involve cold humors, necessitating long-term detoxification. Key therapeutic interventions include purgation, bloodletting, herbal formulations, and dietary adjustments, all aimed at restoring humor balance. Additionally, Unani emphasizes a holistic approach, considering psychological triggers such as stress and anxiety. The integrative Unani treatment strategy offers promise in reducing the frequency and severity of migraines, addressing both the physical and psychological aspects of the condition. The review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of these traditional Unani approaches to diagnosing and managing migraines. By comparing classical Unani insights with contemporary understanding of migraines, this review seeks to evaluate the effectiveness of Unani regimens in the long-term management of migraines, offering potential integrative treatment approaches for modern healthcare.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mohd Maruf Khan, Simran Khan, Mehmooda Begum, Arif Anees, Akanksha Mishra (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Decoding diabetic peripheral neuropathy: pathogenesis, diagnostic breakthroughs, and emerging therapeutics- a comprehensive review
Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy (DPN) is a common and debilitating complication of diabetes, characterized by peripheral nerve dysfunction after excluding other potential causes. Diabetic distal symmetric polyneuropathy (DSPN) is the most prevalent form, affecting 10-15% of newly diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients, with prevalence rates exceeding 50% in those with more than 10 years of diabetes. The primary symptoms include bilateral limb pain, numbness, and paresthesia, which in severe cases can lead to foot ulcers and even amputation. Although the precise pathogenesis remains incompletely understood, hyperglycemia, lipid metabolism disturbances, and insulin signaling abnormalities are recognized as key contributors, initiating a cascade of pathophysiological changes that affect myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers, perikaryon, neurovascular structures, and glial cells. Moreover, impaired insulin signaling inhibits axonal repair and promotes neuronal apoptosis. Recent studies have uncovered several mechanisms underlying DPN, including oxidative stress, microvascular damage, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cellular oxidative damage. Additionally, a reduced oxygen supply through vasa nervorum and inflammatory processes further exacerbate nerve injury. The most common clinical presentation is symmetrical painful neuropathy, especially affecting the lower limbs. Understanding the interactions between these mechanisms is crucial for advancing diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. This review synthesizes the latest research on DPN’s pathophysiology and diagnostic challenges, offering novel insights into the disease’s underlying mechanisms and the potential for targeted interventions to improve patient outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2024 Simran Khan, Saima Sharfuddin, Mohd. Maruf Khan, Arif Anees (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Assessment of pregnancy complications and their associated risk factors: a prospective observational study in a government hospital
Aim: The objective of this study is to evaluate the common pregnancy complications and their associated consideration of danger among pregnant women at the Government General Hospital. Methodology: A prospective, cross-sectional observational study was conducted at the Government General Hospital in Guntur over a six-month period. Participants were recruited through the gynaecology department, where informed consent was obtained. Data collection involved patient interviews and review of medical records. The collected data were subsequently entered into an Excel spreadsheet, facilitating descriptive analysis and interpretation of results. Results: Among the 300 pregnant women studied, a higher incidence of complications was noted when the baby is three months old (56%) in comparison to the first and second trimesters (48%). Women aged 21 to 25 exhibited the highest frequency of complications (48%). Dependents experienced complications more significantly than working women, with 286 dependents affected. The most prevalent complications included anaemia (46.3%), urinary tract infections (19.3%), hypertension (19%), thyroid disorders (17%), gestational diabetes mellitus (11.6%), and eclampsia (6%). Associated risk factors identified were inadequate intake of iron-rich foods (76.25%), poor hygiene practices (79.3%), a family history of hypertension (49.12%), exposure to passive smoking (58.8%), physical inactivity (68.5%), and preeclampsia (95.83%). Our findings indicate that vitamin and mineral supplements were prescribed to 86% of the pregnant women receiving treatment, while anthelminthics (22%) and antihypertensive (11.6%) were administered based on observed side effects and symptoms. A total of 13 women reported experiencing three complications during their pregnancies. Conclusion: This prospective observational study concludes that the most frequently observed complications among pregnant women were anaemia, urinary tract infections, hypertension, thyroid disorders, gestational diabetes mellitus, and eclampsia. The primary risk factors associated with these complications included inadequate consumption of iron-rich foods, poor hygiene, family history, passive smoking, physical inactivity, stress, and preeclampsia.
Studies on amaranthus cruentus's ethanolic herbal extract's antianemic properties against rats' phenylhydrazine-induced anemia
Blood is an essential fluid that sustains life, self-possessed of plasma, erythroid cells , leukocyte cells ,and platelets, each performing crucial physiological functions. RBCs, containing hemoglobin, are vital for oxygen transport, while WBCs defend against infections, and platelets facilitate clotting. Anemia, a condition characterized by decreased hemoglobin levels or RBCs, impairs oxygen delivery and can arise from various causes, including nutritional deficiencies and genetic disorders. This study investigates the antianemic properties of Amaranthus cruentus, commonly known as blood amaranth, using a phenylhydrazine-induced rat model of anemia. The plant, rich in nutrients and traditionally used for its health benefits, was subjected to Soxhlet extraction with ethanol, yielding a 14% extract. Anemia was induce in albino rats through ip route by using phenylhydrazine injections (40 mg/kg) over two repeated days. Parameter such as RBC count, hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, and hematocrit (HCT) levels were monitored alongside histopathological analyses of key organs. Results demonstrated that Amaranthus cruentus extract significantly improved RBC count, Hb levels, and HCT values compare to the anemic control group, suggesting its potential to mitigate oxidative stress-induced hemolysis. The extract’s rich phytochemical profile, including flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds, likely contributes to its antioxidant activity and therapeutic efficacy against anemia. Furthermore, the presence of iron in the extract supports its application in treating iron-deficiency anemia. This research highlights the promising antianemic effects of Amaranthus cruentus, suggesting its potential as a natural remedy for anemia and reinforcing its significance in both nutritional and medicinal contexts.