Journal of Modern Techniques in Biology and Allied Sciences
Journal of Modern Techniques in Biology and Allied Sciences [Online ISSN-3048-9970] is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal publishing original research across diverse biological science fields. It covers areas from cell biology to environmental science and biotechnology. Authors must strictly follow submission guidelines. The journal is officially published by Lapin Press Publications (LPP).
DORMANCY STRATEGIES AND RESURRECTION ECOLOGY OF BENTHIC DIATOM SEED BANKS IN ESTUARINE SEDIMENTS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Microphytobenthos consists of benthic diatoms that account for the majority of diatoms in estuarine and shallow coastal sediments, contribute to primary production, sediment stabilisation and food web support. A key characteristic of many of these taxa is the production of dormant life stages that persist in the sediment, thus providing an active community with a viable “seed bank” that can resume activity if conditions are favorable. Evidence regarding these dormant stages, however, has been numerous and widely dispersed in the literature of phycology, sediment ecology, physiology, paleolimnology and molecular ecology, and there is no unified synthesis that differentiates resting cells from resting spores in estuarine benthic systems. We used the PRISMA approach to search the peer-reviewed literature for diatom studies reporting dormancy, viability, or revival of diatoms in estuarine and coastal environments that were benthic, tychoplanktonic, or sediment-associated. This included a pool of 1294 studies, 52 of which were included in the synthesis using narrative synthesis and evidence mapping. Resting spores are morphologically distinct, heavily silicified, long-lived stages found in the centric genera, while resting cells are poorly modified vegetative cells which are more widely distributed, among pennate and benthic genera, and are more quickly revived but have shorter life spans. Nitrogen and silicate limitation, darkness from burial and salinity and temperature stress are the major controls of dormancy induction, and light, resuspension, oxygenation and nutrient addition are controls of dormancy revival. Dormancy is far from a state of “metabolic shutdown” as it is characterized by active maintenance metabolism, such as the storage of lipids and carbohydrates, defence against oxidative stress, and dissimilatory nitrate reduction under dark anoxia. The viability of estuarine and coastal sediments is confirmed by resurrection experiments, which provide a strong archive for adapting to eutrophication, warming and salinity change over decades to millennia. We suggest an integrated stress–dormancy–reshuffling–persistence–revival model, point to the widespread terminological and methodological inconsistencies and propose priorities for harmonised, multi-omics and geographically comprehensive research.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
OXIDATIVE STRESS PHYSIOLOGY IN ANIMALS: REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES AS A CENTRAL MEDIATOR OF THE RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS
Aerobic life is, in a sense, a bargain. Oxygen fuels the energy metabolism that animals depend upon, yet the very chemistry that extracts energy from nutrients also leaks partially reduced oxygen species back into the cell. These reactive oxygen species (ROS), together with reactive nitrogen species, sit at the heart of a continuous physiological balancing act: at low and tightly controlled levels they serve as second messengers and help shape cellular signalling, whereas when their generation outpaces the antioxidant machinery they begin to damage lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. This imbalance, termed oxidative stress, has become over the last three decades one of the more useful organising concepts in comparative and environmental physiology. Here we argue that oxidative stress is best understood not as a disease state but as a central mediator that translates a broad range of environmental challenges — thermal extremes, fluctuating oxygen, shifting salinity, food limitation and chemical pollution — into integrated physiological, life-history and fitness outcomes. We summarise the principal sources of ROS in animal tissues, the enzymatic and non-enzymatic defences that hold them in check, and the redox-sensitive signalling networks, the Keap1–Nrf2 axis in particular, that couple perturbation to adaptive gene expression. We then examine how individual stressors modulate oxidative balance, why the resulting responses are so often context-dependent, and how phenomena such as hormesis, preparation for oxidative stress and cross-tolerance complicate any simple dose–response logic. We close by highlighting persistent methodological problems and several directions that, in our view, deserve closer attention.
CHITOSAN NANO-ENCAPSULATION OF MICROALGAL Β-CAROTENE: ENHANCEMENT OF STABILITY, BIOACCESSIBILITY, AND IN-VITRO ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY
β-Carotene obtained from the halophilic microalga Dunaliella salina is a valued provitamin-A pigment with a strong antioxidant profile, yet its practical use as a functional-food ingredient is limited by poor water solubility, sensitivity to heat, light and oxygen, and a generally low intestinal bioaccessibility. In the present work, microalgal β-carotene was extracted from cultured D. salina and entrapped within chitosan–sodium tripolyphosphate (CS–TPP) nanoparticles produced by the mild ionic-gelation route, with the aim of improving its colloidal stability and its release behaviour in a simulated digestive environment. The optimised particles were characterised for hydrodynamic size, polydispersity, surface charge, encapsulation efficiency and morphology, while chemical interactions and crystallinity were probed by FTIR and XRD. β-Carotene-loaded nanoparticles showed a mean diameter of 247 ± 15 nm, a positive zeta potential of +28.3 ± 2.1 mV and an encapsulation efficiency of 78.6 ± 3.2 %, and they remained dispersible in water, unlike the free pigment. Thermal, ultraviolet and storage assays indicated that encapsulation slowed pigment degradation appreciably. A static INFOGEST-type digestion raised the bioaccessibility of β-carotene from 3.6 % (free) to 24.8 % (encapsulated), and the DPPH, ABTS and FRAP responses of the digested nanoparticles were higher than those of the free pigment. Taken together, the data suggest that chitosan nano-encapsulation is a workable, food-grade strategy for stabilising microalgal β-carotene and improving its functional delivery.
VALORIZATION OF SPENT (CAROTENOID-EXTRACTED) GREEN-MICROALGAL BIOMASS INTO BIOCHAR FOR SIMULTANEOUS REMOVAL OF BRICK-KILN-ASSOCIATED METALS (PB, NI, CD, FE) FROM IMPACTED WATER: RSM OPTIMIZATION, ISOTHERMS, AND REUSABILITY
Heavy metal pollution in water bodies around brick-kiln industries has created a serious environmental problem especially in the developing countries where implementation of rules and regulations is weak. In the present work, spent Chlorella vulgaris biomass, obtained after carotenoid extraction, was converted into biochar (SMBC) via slow pyrolysis at 500 °C and subsequently used as a low-cost adsorbent for the simultaneous removal of lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd) and iron (Fe) from simulated brick-kiln-impacted water. The physical characteristics of the biochar were evaluated by FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDX, BET surface area and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Response surface methodology (RSM) based central composite design (CCD) was employed to optimise four important process factors i.e. pH, adsorbent dosage, initial metal concentration and contact time. Under optimised conditions of RSM (pH 6.5, dosage 2.0 g/L, concentration 50 mg/L, time 110 min), removal efficiencies of 97.2%, 82.1%, 89.6% and 92.8% were observed for Pb, Ni, Cd and Fe, respectively. The Langmuir isotherm model was found to be well fitted to the equilibrium data for all four metals indicating the monolayer chemisorption on the homogenous active sites. Kinetic investigations revealed that the adsorption process followed pseudo-second-order kinetics. During regeneration trials, SMBC maintained more than 85% of the initial adsorption capacity after 5 adsorption-desorption cycles. The results demonstrate the possibility of a circular biorefinery technique where microalgal biomass is used for two purposes: firstly, as a source of high-value carotenoids and secondly, as a precursor for an effective and reusable heavy metal adsorbent.
NANOENCAPSULATED RUTIN ENHANCES TESTICULAR ANTIOXIDANT DEFENSE AND STEROIDOGENIC GENE EXPRESSION IN DRUG-INDUCED REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY
Doxorubicin (DOX) is a widely used anthracycline anticancer agent, yet its clinical utility is limited by considerable off-target damage that also extends to the male reproductive tract. Rutin is a naturally occurring flavonol glycoside with well-recognized antioxidant activity; however its poor aqueous solubility and rapid first-pass metabolism limit its in vivo performance. In the present work, rutin was loaded into chitosan-coated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NE-RUT) and its protective effect against DOX-induced testicular toxicity was evaluated in adult male Wistar rats. Forty animals were randomly distributed into four groups (n = 8): control, DOX (3 mg/kg i.p. on days 1, 4, 7, 10), DOX plus free rutin (50 mg/kg p.o.), and DOX plus NE-RUT (equivalent rutin dose, p.o.) for 28 days. Testicular tissue was processed for biochemical analysis, real-time PCR of steroidogenic genes, and sperm parameter assessment. NE-RUT exhibited a mean hydrodynamic diameter of 142 ± 8 nm, polydispersity index of 0.18, zeta potential of −28.4 mV, and an entrapment efficiency of 86.2%. Compared with the DOX group, NE-RUT significantly restored testicular SOD, CAT and GPx activities, lowered MDA, replenished GSH, and brought serum testosterone close to control values. Importantly, NE-RUT upregulated the mRNA expression of StAR, CYP11A1, 3β-HSD, and 17β-HSD to nearly control levels and outperformed free rutin across all endpoints. Sperm count, motility, viability, and normal morphology were also markedly improved. Collectively, the data suggest that nanoencapsulation considerably enhances the protective potential of rutin and may serve as a promising adjunct strategy in chemotherapy-associated reproductive injury.
Bactericidal Versus Bacteriostatic Activity of Origanum vulgare and Andrographis paniculata Extracts Against Streptococcus spp.: An in Vitro MBC/MIC Ratio-Based Assessment
Background and Objective: There is a growing emergence of antibiotic resistance bacteria and there is a need to search for new antimicrobial agents from natural sources. The present study was designed to evaluate and compare the antibacterial activity of ethanolic leaf extracts of Origanum vulgare and Andrographis paniculata against clinical isolates of Streptococcus spp. at concentrations of 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/mL and compare their efficacy with standard reference antibiotics (Cloxacillin 30 µg, Penicillin 6 µg, Amoxicillin 25 µg and Ciprofloxacin 5 µg). Methods: Antibacterial activity was evaluated by agar well diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were calculated by broth microdilution method following NCCLS standards. To determine the nature of the antimicrobial effect as bactericidal or bacteriostatic, the MBC/MIC ratio was determined. Results: Both plant extracts showed concentration dependent antibacterial activity against Streptococcus spp. The inhibition zone of O. vulgare ethanolic extract (13.73–44.89 mm) was substantially higher than that of A. paniculata (10.18–18.72 mm) at all tested concentrations (p < 0.05). At the highest concentration (400 mg/mL) O. vulgare extract was more effective than that of Cloxacillin and Ciprofloxacin i.e. 44.89 ± 0.92 mm vs 38.12 ± 0.65 mm and 38.47 ± 0.17 mm. For O. vulgare, the MIC and MBC values were 0.156 and 0.624 mg/mL (MBC/MIC ratio = 4.0, bactericidal), respectively, while for A. paniculata, the MIC and MBC values were 0.624 and 5.0 mg/mL (MBC/MIC ratio = 8.0, bacteriostatic), respectively. Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of O. vulgare displayed a higher bactericidal effect on Streptococcus spp. compared to A. paniculata and several conventional antibiotics, showing its potential as a natural antibacterial agent. Further phytochemical characterisation and in vivo research are justified Keywords: ,
PHYTOCHEMICAL BASED STRATEGIES FOR CARDIOVASCULAR RISK REDUCTION: A NARRATIVE REVIEW
The cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) continue to be a major cause of morbidity and mortalityin most parts of the corridor, and there is need to research on complementary and alternative modes of treatment. Several medicinal plants have bioactive compo of flavonoid, alkaloids, saponins and polyphenols which possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, hypolipidemic, and antithrombotic properties. Some of the herbs, including Allium sativum (garlic), Terminalia arjuna (hawthorn), etc. have demonstrated potential effects on the cardiac system, blood pressure, serum cholesterol, and vascular conditions.
PROTECTIVE ROLE OF ROSMARINUS OFFICINALIS CALLUS EXTRACT AGAINST PARACETAMOL-INDUCED OXIDATIVE DAMAGE AND MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION IN HEPG2 CELL LINE
Paracetamol (acetaminophen, APAP) is one of the most popular analgesic and antipyretic medications in the world, although overdose is still a major cause of acute liver failure in developed countries. The hepatotoxic process involves essentially excessive synthesis of N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI), which depletes hepatic glutathione reserves, covalently alters mitochondrial proteins, and initiates a cascade of oxidative damage leading to cell death. The current work studied the hepatoprotective effect of methanolic extract produced from Rosmarinus officinalis L. callus culture against APAP-induced cytotoxicity in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells. Callus cultures were produced on Murashige and Skoog medium with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). Lyophilised callus was extracted with methanol and phytochemical screening indicated the presence of phenolic acids, flavonoids and diterpene substances such as rosmarinic acid and carnosic acid. The HepG2 cells were pre-incubated with the callus extract at various concentrations (25-200 µg/mL) before the APAP insult (10 mM, 24 h). The extract dramatically improved cell survival (from 41.8% to 84.1%), reduced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), restored the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and boosted the intracellular glutathione level in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, the extract lowered the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and increased the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). These findings indicate that R. officinalis callus extract offers meaningful cytoprotection against APAP-mediated hepatic injury through mitigation of oxidative stress and preservation of mitochondrial integrity.
RESPONSE OF TWO SQUASH (CUCURBITA PEPO L.) CULTIVARS TO PSEUDOMONAS FLUORESCENS INOCULATION AND FOLIAR APPLICATION OF CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM
The present investigation was carried out to study the effect of Pseudomonas fluorescens inoculation and foliar spraying calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) on growth, yield and fruit quality parameters of two summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) cultivars (Naji F1 and Almas F1) during the spring season of 2024 at the Agricultural Research Station, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Diwaniyah, Iraq. The experiment was conducted in a factorial randomised complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Treatments consisted of three levels of P. fluorescens inoculation (0, 5 × 10 7 and 10 × 10 7 CFU mL −1 ), two concentrations of calcium chloride (0 and 3 g L −1 ) and two concentrations of magnesium sulphate (0 and 2 g L −1 ). The results demonstrated that the inoculation of P. fluorescens at higher dose coupled with foliar spray of Ca + Mg considerably increased plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight and total yield over the untreated control. Overall stronger vegetative growth features were observed in the cultivar Naji F1 while better fruit quality indices were observed in the cultivar Almas F1. The triple interaction of P. fluorescens, Ca and Mg showed a synergistic impact that increased the total output by 38.6 % above the control. The chlorophyll content, absorption of nitrogen, phosphate and potassium in leaf tissues were also boosted. The results indicate that the combined application of bioinoculant with mineral foliar nutrition may be a feasible method for sustained squash production in semi-arid settings.
RECENT PROGRESS IN MICROWAVE-ASSISTED ORGANIC SYNTHESIS: A REVIEW OF APPLICATIONS, LIMITATIONS, AND EMERGING TRENDS
Microwave (MW) irradiation has emerged as one of the most prominent non-conventional heating methods in modern synthetic chemistry. Over the past ten years microwave-assisted organic synthesis (MAOS) has evolved from a rapid but inconsistent technique used mostly in academic laboratories, to a robust, well-instrumented technique with reproducible methods and a defined role in the green chemistry arena. This review presents the main advances from 2015 to 2024, focusing on the practical questions that a synthetic chemist actually asks. Which reactions are most improved by microwave dielectric heating? What equipment is available now? How do reaction times, yields, selectivities and energy footprints really compare to conventional heating? We discuss heterocyclic and multicomponent reactions, transition metal-catalyzed coupling reactions, solvent-free and on-water reactions, the synthesis of nanoparticles and metal-organic frameworks, biomass valorisation and a selection of cases from medicinal chemistry. Trends in publications and representative comparisons are explored. We strive to offer a balanced view: while the productivity benefits are substantial and well proven, some of the claims that have been made in the literature, especially concerning so-called "non-thermal" microwave effects, are still open to a cautious interpretation. The assessment concludes with a brief overview on continuous-flow microwave processing and a discussion of the remaining challenges to industrial scale-up.
A Study of the Antimicrobial Drug Usage Pattern among In-Patients and Out-Patients at the Paediatrics Department at Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital
Background: Antimicrobials are among the most frequently prescribed drugs in paediatric practice; however, their irrational and excessive use contributes to adverse drug reactions (ADRs), antimicrobial resistance, and increased healthcare costs. Drug utilisation studies (DUS) help evaluate prescribing patterns and support antimicrobial stewardship programmes. This study aimed to assess antimicrobial prescribing patterns and monitor ADRs among paediatric inpatients and outpatients using WHO core prescribing indicators. Methods: A 12-month cross-sectional observational study was conducted in the Departments of Paediatrics and Pharmacology at ACSR Medical College and Government Hospital. A total of 1200 paediatric patients aged 1–18 years were included through simple random sampling (OPD: 900; IPD: 300). Prescriptions were analysed using WHO prescribing indicators. ADRs were assessed using the WHO-UMC causality assessment scale and Hartwig’s severity assessment scale. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 19. Results: Among the 1200 patients, 59% were males. Respiratory disorders (19.6%) and gastrointestinal disorders (15.3%) were the most common indications for antimicrobial use. Antimicrobials were prescribed in 63.9% of cases. Cephalosporins (33.3%), penicillins (16.7%), and aminoglycosides (13.3%) were the most commonly prescribed antimicrobial classes. The average number of drugs prescribed per encounter was 3.56. Injectable drugs were used in 53.7% of cases, while 78.5% of prescriptions were written using generic names. All antimicrobials were prescribed from the National Essential Drug List. ADRs occurred in 11.3% of patients, predominantly due to cephalosporins (67.6%), and ranged from mild to severe. Conclusion: The study highlights overuse of injections and broad-spectrum antibiotics, with incomplete adherence to WHO prescribing indicators. Rational prescribing practices and strengthened antimicrobial stewardship are essential to reduce resistance and improve paediatric treatment outcomes.
Nutraceutical Intervention in Cardiometabolic Disorders
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality, with lifestyle and dietary factors playing a critical role in disease progression. The five analyzed review articles collectively evaluate the cardioprotective potential of traditional and functional nutraceuticals, emphasizing their role in prevention and adjunctive therapy. Nutraceuticals such as garlic, lycopene-rich tomatoes, spirulina, curcumin, polyphenols, and omega-rich plant sources demonstrate beneficial effects on major cardiovascular risk factors including hypertension, dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, inflammation, insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction. Mechanistically, these bioactive compounds exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiplatelet, lipid-lowering, and vasodilatory actions, thereby improving vascular function and myocardial health. Several human and animal studies report significant reductions in blood pressure, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein levels, and inflammatory cytokines following nutraceutical supplementation. Despite promising findings, the articles highlight limitations such as variability in bioavailability, inconsistent clinical outcomes, and a lack of large-scale randomized controlled trials assessing hard endpoints like mortality. Overall, the evidence supports nutraceuticals as safe, cost-effective, and complementary strategies for cardiovascular risk reduction. However, standardized formulations and robust clinical trials are necessary to validate their therapeutic efficacy and integrate them effectively into clinical practice.
ANALYTICAL METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF NAPROXEN SODIUM BY UV SPECTROSCOPY
This study focuses on the development and validation by a UV spectrophotometric method for the estimation of Naproxen in bulk and tablet formulation. Naproxen is a Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAIDs) .It is mostly used to treat pain or inflammation caused by condition such as arthritis, gout, tendinitis or menstrual cramps. Naproxen is available in isolated dose with various similar anti-inflammatory drug, i.e.; Esomeprazole, Pantoprazole, Paracetamol, Ranitidine, Sumatriptan and Ibuprofen. The analytical method was optimized using a ratio of two solvents to ensure accuracy and reproducibility. Validation of the API (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient) was performed in accordance with ICH (International Council for Harmonization) guidelines, evaluating key parameters such as specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy and robustness. The method demonstrated a high degree of reliability for routine quality control analysis. Additionally, the assay of Naproxen tablets using the developed method exhibited consistent and precise results, confirming its suitability for pharmaceutical applications. This validated method offers a simple, cost-effective, and efficient approach for the quantitative analysis of Naproxen.
IMMUNETHERAPY AND SOLICITATION OF ENGINEERED ß-CELLS FOR DIABETES
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic condition defined by impaired regulation of blood glucose levels. In type 1 diabetes, immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells leads to an absolute deficiency of insulin. Current therapeutic approaches depend largely on lifelong insulin replacement, which helps control glycemia but fails to address the autoimmune origin of the disease or fully prevent long-term complications. Recent research has shifted toward combining immunotherapeutic strategies with engineered β-cell technologies. β-cells derived from embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells demonstrate functional characteristics comparable to native pancreatic cells, including glucose-responsive insulin secretion. Immunomodulatory interventions and encapsulation techniques enhance the survival of these cells by protecting them from immune attack while allowing efficient nutrient and insulin exchange. This integrated approach improves metabolic stability and represents a transition from symptomatic management to disease-modifying therapy. Additionally, immune-engineered β-cell systems offer valuable platforms for disease modeling and drug development. Although challenges related to safety, immune compatibility, and large-scale clinical application persist, this strategy holds significant promise for achieving a functional cure for diabetes mellitus.
Review on preparation and evaluation of natural lip balm from beetroot
The increasing demand for safe, natural, and eco-friendly cosmetic products has led to the development of herbal-based lip balms as alternatives to synthetic formulations containing petroleum derivatives, artificial colors, and chemical preservatives. Natural lip balms use plant-derived waxes, oils, butters, flavors, and pigments to hydrate, protect, and enhance lip appearance. Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.), rich in betalain pigments and antioxidants, has emerged as a promising natural colorant for lip care formulations. This combined review summarizes the anatomy of lips, lip disorders, natural lip balm ingredients, formulation methods, evaluation parameters, and stability considerations. A special focus is placed on beetroot-based lip balm formulations due to their functional and aesthetic benefits. The review highlights that natural lip balms are safe, effective, and environmentally sustainable but require improved stability due to the temperature sensitivity of natural pigments.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Synthesis and evaluation of anti-bacterial activity of benzimidazole derivatives
Synthesis of molecules and materials are important aspects of the development of science. In the past, synthesis is based on some of the name reactions in organic and inorganic chemistry. The attempts to synthesis new molecule and materials have always depended on the molecules. The synthesis of heterocyclic compounds has always drawn the attention of chemist over the years mainly because of their important biological properties. To synthesize substituted benzimidazoles from o-phenylene diamine using various acids and amines. Heterocyclic compound previously reported benzimidazole was synthesized by treating o-phenylene diamine with benzoic acid (1a) and o-phenylene diamine with formic acid (1b) in presence of ethanol undergoes condensation to form required 2-substituted benzimidazoles. Latter compound 1 was treated with acid chloride i.e chloro acetyl chloride in presence of base 10% NaOH to yield the respective 1-substituted benzimidazole- chloro derivatives (2a-2b). Finally the formed chloro derivative benzimidazoles were refluxed with different amines (methylamine, diethylamine) at certain time period to yield the title compounds in good yields. The completion of the reactions was monitored by TLC. The synthesized compounds were made pure by means of recrystallization method using different solvent systems like ethanol, chloroform. Substituted benzimidazoles derivatives were synthesized utilizing o-phenylene diamine and substituted acids with amines results in good yields.
Bioinformatics driven personalized medicine: integrating multi-omics intelligence for precision therapeutics
The integration of bioinformatics and multi-omics technologies has revolutionized personalized medicine, enabling data-driven precision therapeutics. By combining genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomic, and epigenomic insights, bioinformatics decodes complex biological networks and uncovers molecular signatures that predict disease progression, drug response, and resistance mechanisms. Advanced computational methods, including machine learning and artificial intelligence, enhance data integration and patient stratification, transforming heterogeneous datasets into actionable clinical intelligence. Applications span oncology, pharmacogenomics, immunology, and rare diseases, offering targeted, individualized therapies. Despite progress, challenges such as data harmonization, interoperability, and ethical governance persist. Emerging frontiers-including single-cell and spatial omics, digital twins, and quantum-enhanced AI-promise to refine predictive modeling and accelerate translational medicine. The synergy of computational innovation and clinical insight heralds a paradigm shift from reactive treatment to proactive, adaptive healthcare, ensuring a more precise and equitable future for global medicine.
Optimizing therapy: benefits of combining omeprazole with calcium carbonate
Omeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor that suppresses gastric acid secretion by irreversibly inhibiting the parietal cell H+/K+ ATPase pump its effects begin with in 1 hour, peak at 3 hours, and last approximately 72 hours. Omeprazole is administered via delayed release formulations (capsules, tablets) to protect it from stomach acid, achieving 30-40% bioavailability. It undergoes hepatic metabolism primarily via CYP2C19 & CYP3A4, with a plasma half-life of 0.5-1 hour. Dosing includes 80mg daily for GERD (up to 8 weeks) and 20mg twice daily in H-pylori eradication triple therapy. Calcium carbonate acts as an antacid by neutralizing gastric acid (HCL) via dissociation into calcium ions & carbonate anions, which buffer H+ ions. It also serves as a calcium supplement & phosphate binder. Absorption occurs in the small intestine & is enhanced by food and stomach acidity. Most body calcium is stored in bones or teeth, with excretion via Feces (unabsorbed) and urine formulations include tablets, chewable and suspensions. Dosing ranges from 500-1000mg for heartburn (max 7g/day) & 1-2 g/day for Ca2+ supplementation. Omeprazolesuppresses gastric acid secretion, which is essential for solubilizing insoluble calcium salts like calcium carbonate. This acid suppression significantly reduces the bioavailability of calcium from based supplements, while the combination is not contra indicated. When you take omeprazole for a long time & also take calcium carbonate needsstomach acid to break down and get into your body. So, taking them together means your body might not absorb the calcium well. This is especially important for people taking omeprazole long-term who need calcium for bone health. Omeprazole provides long-acting suppression of stomach acid production by inhibiting the proton pumps in the stomach lining. It’s used for conditions like GERD, peptic ulcers & erosive esophagitis. Calcium carbonate offers rapid, short-term neutralization of existing stomach acid. It’s commonly used for immediate relief of heart burn and indigestion. While sometimes used together for enhanced symptom control calcium carbonate can interfere with omeprazole absorption if taken simultaneously. Therefore, dosing typically requires separating administration.
Genes, can it affect body response to medicines? An understanding of the concept of pharmacogenetics
Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics are rapidly advancing disciplines that explore how genetic variations influence individual responses to medications. Differences in DNA sequences can alter drug metabolism, absorption, distribution, and excretion, resulting in variable therapeutic outcomes and adverse drug reactions. The identification of these genetic differences offers the potential for personalized or targeted medicine, enabling healthcare professionals to select optimal drug types and dosages for each patient. Genetic polymorphisms, particularly single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), are major determinants of interindividual variability in drug response. Understanding these variations can improve treatment efficacy and reduce toxicity, especially in drugs with a narrow therapeutic index, such as anticancer agents. Although the application of pharmacogenetic testing faces challenges including high cost, limited accessibility, and the need for global acceptance, its integration into medical practice represents a promising step toward individualized therapy. Advances in genomic sequencing and bioinformatics are expected to expand pharmacogenetic databases and strengthen clinical applications. Ultimately, the field aims to enhance patient safety, treatment outcomes, and quality of life through a deeper understanding of genetic diversity and its impact on pharmacological responses.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zainab .A .H Alebady, Ban Adnan Hatem, Jinan Abdul-Amir Sabeeh Al-Hussaini (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Review on nitrofuran derivative; nitrofurantoin induced neutropenia and agranulocytosis; it’s treatment goals
Neutropenia is a clinical condition characterized by a reduced number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell essential for defending the body against infections. It can occur due to chemotherapy, certain medications, autoimmune diseases, or bone marrow disorders. Nitrofurantoin, a nitrofuran derivative widely used for the treatment and prevention of uncomplicated urinary tract infections, has been rarely associated with severe hematological reactions such as neutropenia and agranulocytosis. These reactions result in increased susceptibility to infections and may become life-threatening if not promptly managed. Treatment of neutropenia primarily depends on its cause and severity. Pharmacological management includes colony-stimulating factors such as granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) drugs-filgrastim and pegfilgrastim-which stimulate bone marrow to produce neutrophils. In autoimmune cases, corticosteroids like prednisone are used to suppress immune-mediated destruction of neutrophils, while immunosuppressants such as cyclosporine or methotrexate are prescribed for chronic or severe cases. Febrile neutropenia requires immediate broad-spectrum antibiotics, with antifungal or antiviral agents added as necessary. Non-pharmacological measures involve discontinuing the causative drug, maintaining strict hygiene, ensuring a balanced diet, and regular blood count monitoring to assess recovery. Early detection, effective management, and awareness of drug-induced neutropenia can significantly reduce complications and improve patient outcomes. Advances in therapeutic strategies and infection control have enhanced the survival and quality of life of patients affected by this rare adverse effect
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor(G-CSF)
Development and evaluation of a crispr-cas13a-based platform for rapid and ultraprecise detection of rna viruses in clinical respiratory samples
Background: Respiratory RNA virus outbreaks have highlighted the urgent need for rapid, accurate, and affordable diagnostic tools. Traditional molecular diagnostics, while effective, often require complex infrastructure and have long turnaround times, limiting their use in resource-limited and point-of-care settings. Objective: This study aimed to design and evaluate a CRISPR-Cas13a-based detection system for rapid identification of respiratory RNA viruses in clinical samples, focusing on sensitivity, specificity, and clinical utility. Methodology: We developed a CRISPR-Cas13a diagnostic platform integrating reverse transcription isothermal amplification and Cas13a trans-cleavage activity. The assay targeted conserved genomic regions of SARS-CoV-2, influenza A/B, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and human metapneumovirus (hMPV). Clinical validation was performed on 847 nasopharyngeal swab specimens from symptomatic patients, using RT-qPCR as the reference standard. Results: The assay demonstrated high analytical sensitivity with detection limits of 10–20 copies/L for all target viruses. Clinical sensitivity was 96.7% (95% CI: 94.2–98.4) and specificity 99.1% (95% CI: 97.8–99.7). It showed 100% concordance with RT-qPCR in high viral load samples (Ct <25) and 92.3% in low viral load samples (Ct 30–35). Results were available within 45 minutes post-sampling. Conclusion: This CRISPR-Cas13a platform offers rapid, accurate, and infrastructure-light detection of respiratory RNA viruses. Its performance and practicality support its use in point-of-care testing, outbreak response, and routine diagnostics, underscoring the clinical promise of CRISPR-based technologies.
Practical implementation of oncolytic virus therapy in the hospital: safety protocols and operational guidelines
The integration of oncolytic virus (OV) therapies into clinical practice introduces unique challenges for hospitals and healthcare teams. Unlike conventional cancer drugs, OVs are live replicating viruses, requiring special handling, storage, and safety precautions. This article reviews key operational considerations for safely implementing oncolytic virotherapy in a hospital setting. Topics include biosafety protocols (classification of OVs as BioSafety Level 2 agents, personal protective equipment, and staff training), cold-chain logistics (ultra-low temperature storage and thawing procedures), preparation and administration guidelines (compounding live virus doses in pharmacy cleanrooms and intratumoral injection techniques), and containment measures to prevent unintended exposure or viral shedding to healthcare workers and patients’ contacts. We discuss the development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) and the importance of interdisciplinary coordination among pharmacy, nursing, infection control, and clinical teams. Practical steps – from handling biohazardous waste to patient counseling on post-treatment precautions – are outlined. By establishing robust protocols and training programs, hospitals can safely deliver these novel therapies. This review provides a framework for institutions to navigate the logistical and safety aspects of oncolytic virotherapy, ensuring maximal benefit to patients while protecting staff and the public.
A review on addressing antimicrobial resistance: rational use and prescribing practices in focus
The irrational and widespread use of antimicrobial drugs, particularly antibiotics, is a significant contributor to the global health crisis of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), especially in developing nations like India. Antibiotics, though essential in treating bacterial infections, are frequently overprescribed, often for viral illnesses such as colds or flu, leading to ineffective treatment, higher healthcare costs, and increased resistance. Understanding prescribing patterns is crucial for promoting rational use, optimizing patient outcomes, and preventing resistance development. In India, inappropriate antibiotic use is notably high across various sectors, including primary care and dentistry. Vulnerable populations—such as critically ill, pediatric, and geriatric patients—require individualized dosing due to altered pharmacokinetics and increased risks of adverse effects. Non-adherence by patients, driven by inadequate communication and lack of understanding, further exacerbates the issue. National treatment guidelines have been introduced to guide appropriate antibiotic use, yet implementation remains limited. Evaluating prescription practices through drug utilization studies and applying pharmacoeconomic tools like cost-minimization analysis can support rational drug choices and resource allocation. Enhanced diagnostic techniques and improved provider-patient communication are vital strategies to curb resistance. Without immediate and sustained interventions, AMR threatens to compromise modern medicine’s ability to treat infections effectively, making it imperative to strengthen antimicrobial prescribing practices globally.
Brief review on ongoing clinical trials on covid-19 vaccines
Five years into mass deployment, COVID-19 vaccine R&D remains active, with trials now concentrating on variant-adapted boosters, mucosal (intranasal/oral) candidates aimed at blocking transmission, and broadly protective (pan-coronavirus) vaccines. Recent Phase 1–3 studies are refining antigen choice (e.g., KP.2/JN.1-era variants), delivery routes, and durability, while expanding evaluation in older adults and other high-risk groups. This review summarizes the current clinical pipeline and trial directions using the WHO vaccine landscape, ClinicalTrials.gov records, and recent peer-reviewed reports.
A review on recent advancements in biologics for rheumatoid arthritis
Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by synovial inflammation and joint destruction. Biologic therapies targeting specific immune pathways have revolutionized RA treatment. Objective: To provide an up-to-date comprehensive review of recent advancements in biologic agents for RA, including their mechanisms, efficacy, safety, and therapeutic positioning. Methods: This review synthesizes current evidence from clinical trials, meta-analyses, and guidelines focusing on tumor necrosis factor inhibitors, interleukin-6 receptor antagonists, B-cell depleting agents, T-cell costimulation modulators, Janus kinase inhibitors, and emerging biologics. Results: Biologics significantly improve disease control and slow progression. Comparative efficacy varies by agent and patient profile, with safety concerns such as infections and cardiovascular risks warranting monitoring. Biosimilars are expanding accessibility. Gaps remain in long-term safety data and personalized treatment selection. Conclusion: Biologic therapies have transformed RA management; future research should focus on individualized strategies, long-term outcomes, and global access improvements.
Polymeric nanoparticles and fluoropyrimidine platforms in targeted cancer therapy
Targeted cancer therapy has been significantly advanced by the development of polymeric nanoparticles and novel fluoropyrimidine platforms. Polymeric carriers offer controlled release, biocompatibility, and surface modification capabilities that enhance tumor-specific drug delivery while minimizing systemic toxicity. Fluoropyrimidines such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) have long been central to chemotherapeutic regimens, yet their therapeutic window is often limited by metabolic instability and resistance. Recent innovations in nanoscale formulation, including the synthesis of polymer-conjugated fluoropyrimidines like CF10, demonstrate improved pharmacokinetics, tumor uptake, and anti-proliferative efficacy in preclinical models. This review summarizes current advancements in polymeric nanocarriers for delivering fluoropyrimidine derivatives, discusses formulation strategies to overcome drug resistance, and highlights translational applications in gastrointestinal and gynecologic malignancies. Together, these approaches represent a promising direction in the design of next-generation chemotherapeutic systems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Harshada P. Pawara, Md. Mojeeb G. Khan, Atul A. Shirkhedkar, Pritam I. Pawara (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Periodontitis and Osteoporosis-A Bidirectional Relationship in Bone Resorption: An Overview
Periodontitis and osteoporosis are two distinct but interconnected conditions characterized by bone resorption and structural deterioration. Periodontitis is a localized chronic inflammatory disease affecting the supporting tissues of the teeth, while osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disorder marked by reduced bone mass and fragility. Recent clinical and epidemiological evidence suggests a strong bidirectional relationship between these conditions, particularly in populations with shared risk factors such as postmenopausal women and the elderly. Both conditions share common pathophysiological pathways, notably the RANK/RANKL/OPG signaling axis and inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α. These mediators contribute to increased osteoclast activity, impaired osteoblast function, and accelerated bone turnover. Additionally, nutritional deficiencies, hormonal imbalances, smoking, alcohol use, and systemic diseases such as diabetes further exacerbate the progression of both diseases. Diagnostic modalities such as bone mineral density testing, periodontal indices, and emerging salivary and serum biomarkers facilitate early detection and monitoring. Therapeutic strategies include anti-resorptive medications, calcium and vitamin D supplementation, scaling and root planning, and antimicrobial treatments. An interdisciplinary management approach is essential for optimal patient outcomes. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the molecular, clinical, and diagnostic evidence linking periodontitis and osteoporosis. It emphasizes the importance of integrated healthcare delivery, future research into shared biomarkers, and the potential for personalized medicine in managing at-risk populations. Understanding this complex interplay will not only improve disease outcomes but also contribute to preventive public health strategies targeting bone and oral health.
Costus Speciosus: Traditional Medicinal Remedies For Diabetes And Other Pharmacological Activities.
Costus speciosus, also referred to as crepe ginger, is an herbaceous perennial shrub that has a widespread acknowledgment of its remarkable ethnobotanical and pharmacological uses. With its varied tradition in indigenous systems of medicine, the herb contains high concentration of varied phytochemicals such as diosgenin, flavonoids, saponins, and essential oils. The current review delves into the taxonomy, botanical characteristics, geographical location, traditional applications, chemical composition, and pharmacological activities of C. speciosus. It also reports on recent scientific studies, safety assessments, and therapeutic prospects. Moreover, the article is discussing difficulties in clinical translation and proposing avenues for future research. Through the integration of available data, this review seeks to achieve an overall picture of Costus speciosus as a potential pharmaceutical resource for future pharmaceutical development
Unani Management of Chronic Tinea Corporis: A Case Study of Fungal Infection
Tinea corporis, referred to as Qübāʼ in Unani medicine, is a common superficial fungal infection affecting the skin, often characterized by recurrent lesions and resistance to standard antifungal therapies. This case study presents a 34-year-old Muslim male with five months history of chronic, itchy, scaly, erythematous plaques localized to the right gluteal region. Despite undergoing multiple modern antifungal treatments, the condition recurred frequently, prompting the patient to seek Unani intervention at HSZH Unani Medical College, Bhopal. A comprehensive Unani treatment plan was initiated, incorporating pharmacotherapy, dietary regulation (Ilājbi’l-Ghidhāʼ), and regimenal therapy (Ilājbi’l-Tadbīr). Over a 28-day treatment period, clinical improvement was tracked using the Dermatophytosis SeverityScore (DSS). The patient's DSS improved significantly from 8/9 at baseline to 2/9 by the end of therapy, indicating a 75% reduction in symptoms such as pruritus, scaling, and erythema. No adverse effects or recurrences were reported during the follow-up. This case highlights the potential of Unani medicine as an effective and well-tolerated approach for managing chronic dermatophytosis and supports its integration in treating resistant fungal infections.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdul Rehman Ali, Sadaf Ansar, Mohd Anzar Husain, Mohd Rizwan, Asma Md Abid (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Chronopharmacology: therapeutic implications and emerging insights
Chronopharmacology, explores how drug effects align with the body's natural rhythms. This field recognizes that factors like a drug's absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (pharmacokinetics), as well as its overall effectiveness and potential toxicity, vary significantly based on administration time. The body's internal circadian clock, located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and influencing widespread physiological processes, plays a crucial role in these temporal variations. Understanding these rhythms is key to optimizing drug therapy for various conditions, including asthma, hypertension , and cancer, where chronotherapy can improve efficacy and reduce side effects by considering circadian-controlled drug metabolism and cellular processes. Despite growing awareness, translating this knowledge into widespread clinical practice and drug development remains a challenge, highlighting the need for more human-specific data and further research into the circadian clock as a therapeutic target .
Copyright (c) 2025 Zainab AH Alebady, Jinan Abdul-Amir Sabeeh Al-Hussaini, Ban Adnan Hatem (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0