Journal of Modern Techniques in Biology and Allied Sciences
Journal of Modern Techniques in Biology and Allied Sciences [Online ISSN-3048-9970] is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal publishing original research across diverse biological science fields. It covers areas from cell biology to environmental science and biotechnology. Authors must strictly follow submission guidelines. The journal is officially published by Lapin Press Publications (LPP).
A Study of the Antimicrobial Drug Usage Pattern among In-Patients and Out-Patients at the Paediatrics Department at Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital
Background: Antimicrobials are among the most frequently prescribed drugs in paediatric practice; however, their irrational and excessive use contributes to adverse drug reactions (ADRs), antimicrobial resistance, and increased healthcare costs. Drug utilisation studies (DUS) help evaluate prescribing patterns and support antimicrobial stewardship programmes. This study aimed to assess antimicrobial prescribing patterns and monitor ADRs among paediatric inpatients and outpatients using WHO core prescribing indicators. Methods: A 12-month cross-sectional observational study was conducted in the Departments of Paediatrics and Pharmacology at ACSR Medical College and Government Hospital. A total of 1200 paediatric patients aged 1–18 years were included through simple random sampling (OPD: 900; IPD: 300). Prescriptions were analysed using WHO prescribing indicators. ADRs were assessed using the WHO-UMC causality assessment scale and Hartwig’s severity assessment scale. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 19. Results: Among the 1200 patients, 59% were males. Respiratory disorders (19.6%) and gastrointestinal disorders (15.3%) were the most common indications for antimicrobial use. Antimicrobials were prescribed in 63.9% of cases. Cephalosporins (33.3%), penicillins (16.7%), and aminoglycosides (13.3%) were the most commonly prescribed antimicrobial classes. The average number of drugs prescribed per encounter was 3.56. Injectable drugs were used in 53.7% of cases, while 78.5% of prescriptions were written using generic names. All antimicrobials were prescribed from the National Essential Drug List. ADRs occurred in 11.3% of patients, predominantly due to cephalosporins (67.6%), and ranged from mild to severe. Conclusion: The study highlights overuse of injections and broad-spectrum antibiotics, with incomplete adherence to WHO prescribing indicators. Rational prescribing practices and strengthened antimicrobial stewardship are essential to reduce resistance and improve paediatric treatment outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Nutraceutical Intervention in Cardiometabolic Disorders
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality, with lifestyle and dietary factors playing a critical role in disease progression. The five analyzed review articles collectively evaluate the cardioprotective potential of traditional and functional nutraceuticals, emphasizing their role in prevention and adjunctive therapy. Nutraceuticals such as garlic, lycopene-rich tomatoes, spirulina, curcumin, polyphenols, and omega-rich plant sources demonstrate beneficial effects on major cardiovascular risk factors including hypertension, dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, inflammation, insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction. Mechanistically, these bioactive compounds exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiplatelet, lipid-lowering, and vasodilatory actions, thereby improving vascular function and myocardial health. Several human and animal studies report significant reductions in blood pressure, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein levels, and inflammatory cytokines following nutraceutical supplementation. Despite promising findings, the articles highlight limitations such as variability in bioavailability, inconsistent clinical outcomes, and a lack of large-scale randomized controlled trials assessing hard endpoints like mortality. Overall, the evidence supports nutraceuticals as safe, cost-effective, and complementary strategies for cardiovascular risk reduction. However, standardized formulations and robust clinical trials are necessary to validate their therapeutic efficacy and integrate them effectively into clinical practice.
ANALYTICAL METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF NAPROXEN SODIUM BY UV SPECTROSCOPY
This study focuses on the development and validation by a UV spectrophotometric method for the estimation of Naproxen in bulk and tablet formulation. Naproxen is a Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAIDs) .It is mostly used to treat pain or inflammation caused by condition such as arthritis, gout, tendinitis or menstrual cramps. Naproxen is available in isolated dose with various similar anti-inflammatory drug, i.e.; Esomeprazole, Pantoprazole, Paracetamol, Ranitidine, Sumatriptan and Ibuprofen. The analytical method was optimized using a ratio of two solvents to ensure accuracy and reproducibility. Validation of the API (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient) was performed in accordance with ICH (International Council for Harmonization) guidelines, evaluating key parameters such as specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy and robustness. The method demonstrated a high degree of reliability for routine quality control analysis. Additionally, the assay of Naproxen tablets using the developed method exhibited consistent and precise results, confirming its suitability for pharmaceutical applications. This validated method offers a simple, cost-effective, and efficient approach for the quantitative analysis of Naproxen.
IMMUNETHERAPY AND SOLICITATION OF ENGINEERED ß-CELLS FOR DIABETES
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic condition defined by impaired regulation of blood glucose levels. In type 1 diabetes, immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells leads to an absolute deficiency of insulin. Current therapeutic approaches depend largely on lifelong insulin replacement, which helps control glycemia but fails to address the autoimmune origin of the disease or fully prevent long-term complications. Recent research has shifted toward combining immunotherapeutic strategies with engineered β-cell technologies. β-cells derived from embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells demonstrate functional characteristics comparable to native pancreatic cells, including glucose-responsive insulin secretion. Immunomodulatory interventions and encapsulation techniques enhance the survival of these cells by protecting them from immune attack while allowing efficient nutrient and insulin exchange. This integrated approach improves metabolic stability and represents a transition from symptomatic management to disease-modifying therapy. Additionally, immune-engineered β-cell systems offer valuable platforms for disease modeling and drug development. Although challenges related to safety, immune compatibility, and large-scale clinical application persist, this strategy holds significant promise for achieving a functional cure for diabetes mellitus.
Review on preparation and evaluation of natural lip balm from beetroot
The increasing demand for safe, natural, and eco-friendly cosmetic products has led to the development of herbal-based lip balms as alternatives to synthetic formulations containing petroleum derivatives, artificial colors, and chemical preservatives. Natural lip balms use plant-derived waxes, oils, butters, flavors, and pigments to hydrate, protect, and enhance lip appearance. Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.), rich in betalain pigments and antioxidants, has emerged as a promising natural colorant for lip care formulations. This combined review summarizes the anatomy of lips, lip disorders, natural lip balm ingredients, formulation methods, evaluation parameters, and stability considerations. A special focus is placed on beetroot-based lip balm formulations due to their functional and aesthetic benefits. The review highlights that natural lip balms are safe, effective, and environmentally sustainable but require improved stability due to the temperature sensitivity of natural pigments.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Synthesis and evaluation of anti-bacterial activity of benzimidazole derivatives
Synthesis of molecules and materials are important aspects of the development of science. In the past, synthesis is based on some of the name reactions in organic and inorganic chemistry. The attempts to synthesis new molecule and materials have always depended on the molecules. The synthesis of heterocyclic compounds has always drawn the attention of chemist over the years mainly because of their important biological properties. To synthesize substituted benzimidazoles from o-phenylene diamine using various acids and amines. Heterocyclic compound previously reported benzimidazole was synthesized by treating o-phenylene diamine with benzoic acid (1a) and o-phenylene diamine with formic acid (1b) in presence of ethanol undergoes condensation to form required 2-substituted benzimidazoles. Latter compound 1 was treated with acid chloride i.e chloro acetyl chloride in presence of base 10% NaOH to yield the respective 1-substituted benzimidazole- chloro derivatives (2a-2b). Finally the formed chloro derivative benzimidazoles were refluxed with different amines (methylamine, diethylamine) at certain time period to yield the title compounds in good yields. The completion of the reactions was monitored by TLC. The synthesized compounds were made pure by means of recrystallization method using different solvent systems like ethanol, chloroform. Substituted benzimidazoles derivatives were synthesized utilizing o-phenylene diamine and substituted acids with amines results in good yields.
Bioinformatics driven personalized medicine: integrating multi-omics intelligence for precision therapeutics
The integration of bioinformatics and multi-omics technologies has revolutionized personalized medicine, enabling data-driven precision therapeutics. By combining genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomic, and epigenomic insights, bioinformatics decodes complex biological networks and uncovers molecular signatures that predict disease progression, drug response, and resistance mechanisms. Advanced computational methods, including machine learning and artificial intelligence, enhance data integration and patient stratification, transforming heterogeneous datasets into actionable clinical intelligence. Applications span oncology, pharmacogenomics, immunology, and rare diseases, offering targeted, individualized therapies. Despite progress, challenges such as data harmonization, interoperability, and ethical governance persist. Emerging frontiers-including single-cell and spatial omics, digital twins, and quantum-enhanced AI-promise to refine predictive modeling and accelerate translational medicine. The synergy of computational innovation and clinical insight heralds a paradigm shift from reactive treatment to proactive, adaptive healthcare, ensuring a more precise and equitable future for global medicine.
Optimizing therapy: benefits of combining omeprazole with calcium carbonate
Omeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor that suppresses gastric acid secretion by irreversibly inhibiting the parietal cell H+/K+ ATPase pump its effects begin with in 1 hour, peak at 3 hours, and last approximately 72 hours. Omeprazole is administered via delayed release formulations (capsules, tablets) to protect it from stomach acid, achieving 30-40% bioavailability. It undergoes hepatic metabolism primarily via CYP2C19 & CYP3A4, with a plasma half-life of 0.5-1 hour. Dosing includes 80mg daily for GERD (up to 8 weeks) and 20mg twice daily in H-pylori eradication triple therapy. Calcium carbonate acts as an antacid by neutralizing gastric acid (HCL) via dissociation into calcium ions & carbonate anions, which buffer H+ ions. It also serves as a calcium supplement & phosphate binder. Absorption occurs in the small intestine & is enhanced by food and stomach acidity. Most body calcium is stored in bones or teeth, with excretion via Feces (unabsorbed) and urine formulations include tablets, chewable and suspensions. Dosing ranges from 500-1000mg for heartburn (max 7g/day) & 1-2 g/day for Ca2+ supplementation. Omeprazolesuppresses gastric acid secretion, which is essential for solubilizing insoluble calcium salts like calcium carbonate. This acid suppression significantly reduces the bioavailability of calcium from based supplements, while the combination is not contra indicated. When you take omeprazole for a long time & also take calcium carbonate needsstomach acid to break down and get into your body. So, taking them together means your body might not absorb the calcium well. This is especially important for people taking omeprazole long-term who need calcium for bone health. Omeprazole provides long-acting suppression of stomach acid production by inhibiting the proton pumps in the stomach lining. It’s used for conditions like GERD, peptic ulcers & erosive esophagitis. Calcium carbonate offers rapid, short-term neutralization of existing stomach acid. It’s commonly used for immediate relief of heart burn and indigestion. While sometimes used together for enhanced symptom control calcium carbonate can interfere with omeprazole absorption if taken simultaneously. Therefore, dosing typically requires separating administration.
Genes, can it affect body response to medicines? An understanding of the concept of pharmacogenetics
Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics are rapidly advancing disciplines that explore how genetic variations influence individual responses to medications. Differences in DNA sequences can alter drug metabolism, absorption, distribution, and excretion, resulting in variable therapeutic outcomes and adverse drug reactions. The identification of these genetic differences offers the potential for personalized or targeted medicine, enabling healthcare professionals to select optimal drug types and dosages for each patient. Genetic polymorphisms, particularly single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), are major determinants of interindividual variability in drug response. Understanding these variations can improve treatment efficacy and reduce toxicity, especially in drugs with a narrow therapeutic index, such as anticancer agents. Although the application of pharmacogenetic testing faces challenges including high cost, limited accessibility, and the need for global acceptance, its integration into medical practice represents a promising step toward individualized therapy. Advances in genomic sequencing and bioinformatics are expected to expand pharmacogenetic databases and strengthen clinical applications. Ultimately, the field aims to enhance patient safety, treatment outcomes, and quality of life through a deeper understanding of genetic diversity and its impact on pharmacological responses.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zainab .A .H Alebady, Ban Adnan Hatem, Jinan Abdul-Amir Sabeeh Al-Hussaini (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Review on nitrofuran derivative; nitrofurantoin induced neutropenia and agranulocytosis; it’s treatment goals
Neutropenia is a clinical condition characterized by a reduced number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell essential for defending the body against infections. It can occur due to chemotherapy, certain medications, autoimmune diseases, or bone marrow disorders. Nitrofurantoin, a nitrofuran derivative widely used for the treatment and prevention of uncomplicated urinary tract infections, has been rarely associated with severe hematological reactions such as neutropenia and agranulocytosis. These reactions result in increased susceptibility to infections and may become life-threatening if not promptly managed. Treatment of neutropenia primarily depends on its cause and severity. Pharmacological management includes colony-stimulating factors such as granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) drugs-filgrastim and pegfilgrastim-which stimulate bone marrow to produce neutrophils. In autoimmune cases, corticosteroids like prednisone are used to suppress immune-mediated destruction of neutrophils, while immunosuppressants such as cyclosporine or methotrexate are prescribed for chronic or severe cases. Febrile neutropenia requires immediate broad-spectrum antibiotics, with antifungal or antiviral agents added as necessary. Non-pharmacological measures involve discontinuing the causative drug, maintaining strict hygiene, ensuring a balanced diet, and regular blood count monitoring to assess recovery. Early detection, effective management, and awareness of drug-induced neutropenia can significantly reduce complications and improve patient outcomes. Advances in therapeutic strategies and infection control have enhanced the survival and quality of life of patients affected by this rare adverse effect
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor(G-CSF)
Development and evaluation of a crispr-cas13a-based platform for rapid and ultraprecise detection of rna viruses in clinical respiratory samples
Background: Respiratory RNA virus outbreaks have highlighted the urgent need for rapid, accurate, and affordable diagnostic tools. Traditional molecular diagnostics, while effective, often require complex infrastructure and have long turnaround times, limiting their use in resource-limited and point-of-care settings. Objective: This study aimed to design and evaluate a CRISPR-Cas13a-based detection system for rapid identification of respiratory RNA viruses in clinical samples, focusing on sensitivity, specificity, and clinical utility. Methodology: We developed a CRISPR-Cas13a diagnostic platform integrating reverse transcription isothermal amplification and Cas13a trans-cleavage activity. The assay targeted conserved genomic regions of SARS-CoV-2, influenza A/B, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and human metapneumovirus (hMPV). Clinical validation was performed on 847 nasopharyngeal swab specimens from symptomatic patients, using RT-qPCR as the reference standard. Results: The assay demonstrated high analytical sensitivity with detection limits of 10–20 copies/L for all target viruses. Clinical sensitivity was 96.7% (95% CI: 94.2–98.4) and specificity 99.1% (95% CI: 97.8–99.7). It showed 100% concordance with RT-qPCR in high viral load samples (Ct <25) and 92.3% in low viral load samples (Ct 30–35). Results were available within 45 minutes post-sampling. Conclusion: This CRISPR-Cas13a platform offers rapid, accurate, and infrastructure-light detection of respiratory RNA viruses. Its performance and practicality support its use in point-of-care testing, outbreak response, and routine diagnostics, underscoring the clinical promise of CRISPR-based technologies.
Practical implementation of oncolytic virus therapy in the hospital: safety protocols and operational guidelines
The integration of oncolytic virus (OV) therapies into clinical practice introduces unique challenges for hospitals and healthcare teams. Unlike conventional cancer drugs, OVs are live replicating viruses, requiring special handling, storage, and safety precautions. This article reviews key operational considerations for safely implementing oncolytic virotherapy in a hospital setting. Topics include biosafety protocols (classification of OVs as BioSafety Level 2 agents, personal protective equipment, and staff training), cold-chain logistics (ultra-low temperature storage and thawing procedures), preparation and administration guidelines (compounding live virus doses in pharmacy cleanrooms and intratumoral injection techniques), and containment measures to prevent unintended exposure or viral shedding to healthcare workers and patients’ contacts. We discuss the development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) and the importance of interdisciplinary coordination among pharmacy, nursing, infection control, and clinical teams. Practical steps – from handling biohazardous waste to patient counseling on post-treatment precautions – are outlined. By establishing robust protocols and training programs, hospitals can safely deliver these novel therapies. This review provides a framework for institutions to navigate the logistical and safety aspects of oncolytic virotherapy, ensuring maximal benefit to patients while protecting staff and the public.
A review on addressing antimicrobial resistance: rational use and prescribing practices in focus
The irrational and widespread use of antimicrobial drugs, particularly antibiotics, is a significant contributor to the global health crisis of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), especially in developing nations like India. Antibiotics, though essential in treating bacterial infections, are frequently overprescribed, often for viral illnesses such as colds or flu, leading to ineffective treatment, higher healthcare costs, and increased resistance. Understanding prescribing patterns is crucial for promoting rational use, optimizing patient outcomes, and preventing resistance development. In India, inappropriate antibiotic use is notably high across various sectors, including primary care and dentistry. Vulnerable populations—such as critically ill, pediatric, and geriatric patients—require individualized dosing due to altered pharmacokinetics and increased risks of adverse effects. Non-adherence by patients, driven by inadequate communication and lack of understanding, further exacerbates the issue. National treatment guidelines have been introduced to guide appropriate antibiotic use, yet implementation remains limited. Evaluating prescription practices through drug utilization studies and applying pharmacoeconomic tools like cost-minimization analysis can support rational drug choices and resource allocation. Enhanced diagnostic techniques and improved provider-patient communication are vital strategies to curb resistance. Without immediate and sustained interventions, AMR threatens to compromise modern medicine’s ability to treat infections effectively, making it imperative to strengthen antimicrobial prescribing practices globally.
Brief review on ongoing clinical trials on covid-19 vaccines
Five years into mass deployment, COVID-19 vaccine R&D remains active, with trials now concentrating on variant-adapted boosters, mucosal (intranasal/oral) candidates aimed at blocking transmission, and broadly protective (pan-coronavirus) vaccines. Recent Phase 1–3 studies are refining antigen choice (e.g., KP.2/JN.1-era variants), delivery routes, and durability, while expanding evaluation in older adults and other high-risk groups. This review summarizes the current clinical pipeline and trial directions using the WHO vaccine landscape, ClinicalTrials.gov records, and recent peer-reviewed reports.
A review on recent advancements in biologics for rheumatoid arthritis
Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by synovial inflammation and joint destruction. Biologic therapies targeting specific immune pathways have revolutionized RA treatment. Objective: To provide an up-to-date comprehensive review of recent advancements in biologic agents for RA, including their mechanisms, efficacy, safety, and therapeutic positioning. Methods: This review synthesizes current evidence from clinical trials, meta-analyses, and guidelines focusing on tumor necrosis factor inhibitors, interleukin-6 receptor antagonists, B-cell depleting agents, T-cell costimulation modulators, Janus kinase inhibitors, and emerging biologics. Results: Biologics significantly improve disease control and slow progression. Comparative efficacy varies by agent and patient profile, with safety concerns such as infections and cardiovascular risks warranting monitoring. Biosimilars are expanding accessibility. Gaps remain in long-term safety data and personalized treatment selection. Conclusion: Biologic therapies have transformed RA management; future research should focus on individualized strategies, long-term outcomes, and global access improvements.
Polymeric nanoparticles and fluoropyrimidine platforms in targeted cancer therapy
Targeted cancer therapy has been significantly advanced by the development of polymeric nanoparticles and novel fluoropyrimidine platforms. Polymeric carriers offer controlled release, biocompatibility, and surface modification capabilities that enhance tumor-specific drug delivery while minimizing systemic toxicity. Fluoropyrimidines such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) have long been central to chemotherapeutic regimens, yet their therapeutic window is often limited by metabolic instability and resistance. Recent innovations in nanoscale formulation, including the synthesis of polymer-conjugated fluoropyrimidines like CF10, demonstrate improved pharmacokinetics, tumor uptake, and anti-proliferative efficacy in preclinical models. This review summarizes current advancements in polymeric nanocarriers for delivering fluoropyrimidine derivatives, discusses formulation strategies to overcome drug resistance, and highlights translational applications in gastrointestinal and gynecologic malignancies. Together, these approaches represent a promising direction in the design of next-generation chemotherapeutic systems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Harshada P. Pawara, Md. Mojeeb G. Khan, Atul A. Shirkhedkar, Pritam I. Pawara (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Periodontitis and Osteoporosis-A Bidirectional Relationship in Bone Resorption: An Overview
Periodontitis and osteoporosis are two distinct but interconnected conditions characterized by bone resorption and structural deterioration. Periodontitis is a localized chronic inflammatory disease affecting the supporting tissues of the teeth, while osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disorder marked by reduced bone mass and fragility. Recent clinical and epidemiological evidence suggests a strong bidirectional relationship between these conditions, particularly in populations with shared risk factors such as postmenopausal women and the elderly. Both conditions share common pathophysiological pathways, notably the RANK/RANKL/OPG signaling axis and inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α. These mediators contribute to increased osteoclast activity, impaired osteoblast function, and accelerated bone turnover. Additionally, nutritional deficiencies, hormonal imbalances, smoking, alcohol use, and systemic diseases such as diabetes further exacerbate the progression of both diseases. Diagnostic modalities such as bone mineral density testing, periodontal indices, and emerging salivary and serum biomarkers facilitate early detection and monitoring. Therapeutic strategies include anti-resorptive medications, calcium and vitamin D supplementation, scaling and root planning, and antimicrobial treatments. An interdisciplinary management approach is essential for optimal patient outcomes. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the molecular, clinical, and diagnostic evidence linking periodontitis and osteoporosis. It emphasizes the importance of integrated healthcare delivery, future research into shared biomarkers, and the potential for personalized medicine in managing at-risk populations. Understanding this complex interplay will not only improve disease outcomes but also contribute to preventive public health strategies targeting bone and oral health.
Costus Speciosus: Traditional Medicinal Remedies For Diabetes And Other Pharmacological Activities.
Costus speciosus, also referred to as crepe ginger, is an herbaceous perennial shrub that has a widespread acknowledgment of its remarkable ethnobotanical and pharmacological uses. With its varied tradition in indigenous systems of medicine, the herb contains high concentration of varied phytochemicals such as diosgenin, flavonoids, saponins, and essential oils. The current review delves into the taxonomy, botanical characteristics, geographical location, traditional applications, chemical composition, and pharmacological activities of C. speciosus. It also reports on recent scientific studies, safety assessments, and therapeutic prospects. Moreover, the article is discussing difficulties in clinical translation and proposing avenues for future research. Through the integration of available data, this review seeks to achieve an overall picture of Costus speciosus as a potential pharmaceutical resource for future pharmaceutical development
Unani Management of Chronic Tinea Corporis: A Case Study of Fungal Infection
Tinea corporis, referred to as Qübāʼ in Unani medicine, is a common superficial fungal infection affecting the skin, often characterized by recurrent lesions and resistance to standard antifungal therapies. This case study presents a 34-year-old Muslim male with five months history of chronic, itchy, scaly, erythematous plaques localized to the right gluteal region. Despite undergoing multiple modern antifungal treatments, the condition recurred frequently, prompting the patient to seek Unani intervention at HSZH Unani Medical College, Bhopal. A comprehensive Unani treatment plan was initiated, incorporating pharmacotherapy, dietary regulation (Ilājbi’l-Ghidhāʼ), and regimenal therapy (Ilājbi’l-Tadbīr). Over a 28-day treatment period, clinical improvement was tracked using the Dermatophytosis SeverityScore (DSS). The patient's DSS improved significantly from 8/9 at baseline to 2/9 by the end of therapy, indicating a 75% reduction in symptoms such as pruritus, scaling, and erythema. No adverse effects or recurrences were reported during the follow-up. This case highlights the potential of Unani medicine as an effective and well-tolerated approach for managing chronic dermatophytosis and supports its integration in treating resistant fungal infections.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdul Rehman Ali, Sadaf Ansar, Mohd Anzar Husain, Mohd Rizwan, Asma Md Abid (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Chronopharmacology: therapeutic implications and emerging insights
Chronopharmacology, explores how drug effects align with the body's natural rhythms. This field recognizes that factors like a drug's absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (pharmacokinetics), as well as its overall effectiveness and potential toxicity, vary significantly based on administration time. The body's internal circadian clock, located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and influencing widespread physiological processes, plays a crucial role in these temporal variations. Understanding these rhythms is key to optimizing drug therapy for various conditions, including asthma, hypertension , and cancer, where chronotherapy can improve efficacy and reduce side effects by considering circadian-controlled drug metabolism and cellular processes. Despite growing awareness, translating this knowledge into widespread clinical practice and drug development remains a challenge, highlighting the need for more human-specific data and further research into the circadian clock as a therapeutic target .
Copyright (c) 2025 Zainab AH Alebady, Jinan Abdul-Amir Sabeeh Al-Hussaini, Ban Adnan Hatem (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Regulatory Affairs and Regulatory Requirements for New Drug Approval
Regulatory affairs is a growing field dedicated to ensuring the safety, quality, and efficacy of drug products through the submission of Investigational New Drug (IND) and New Drug Applications (NDA) to regulatory authorities. This process is critical for safeguarding public health by preventing the distribution of harmful or ineffective drugs. The primary goal of regulatory affairs professionals is to manage and oversee clinical and nonclinical trials, ensuring compliance with the necessary guidelines before a drug reaches the market. Different countries have varying regulatory requirements for marketing authorization, with each country’s regulatory authority responsible for enforcing these standards. In India, for example, the Central Drugs Standards Control Organization (CDSCO) is the key body responsible for approving new drugs. This review highlights the regulatory process for new drug approval in India, detailing the steps and documentation required for IND and NDA submissions. Furthermore, it discusses the importance of post-marketing surveillance (Phase IV) to monitor the long-term safety of approved drugs. The regulatory frameworks and processes, though similar in some respects, vary across regions like the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), European Medicines Agency (EMA), and CDSCO, with each playing a crucial role in the global drug approval landscape.
Automation and Robotics in Pharmaceutical Industry
The integration of automation and robotics is transforming the pharmaceutical industry by boosting efficiency, accuracy, and regulatory compliance across key operations such as drug research, production, distribution, and quality control. In drug discovery, automation accelerates the process through high-throughput screening, significantly reducing the time needed to identify potential candidates. Robotics enhances manufacturing by increasing precision, consistency, and productivity, while maintaining strict adherence to regulatory standards. In quality control, automated systems help reduce human error and improve overall product safety. Furthermore, automation and robotics streamline supply chain operations, including packaging, warehousing, and inventory management, enhancing traceability and ensuring timely delivery of medications, thereby improving patient safety. These technologies support data-driven decision-making and allow real-time monitoring of processes, resulting in more consistent and reliable outcomes. However, despite these advantages, implementing automation and robotics poses certain challenges. High initial investment costs, technical integration issues, and the need to retrain or reskill the workforce can be significant barriers. Companies must carefully plan their adoption strategies to manage these hurdles effectively. Overall, while the road to full integration may be complex, the long-term benefits of automation and robotics in the pharmaceutical sector-ranging from faster drug development to safer products make them essential tools for advancing modern healthcare.
Case Study on Lichen Planus: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Management
Lichen planus (LP) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology, affecting the skin and mucous membranes. It is characterized by pruritic, purple, polygonal papules and is often associated with autoimmune mechanisms and certain triggers such as hepatitis C and medications. This study outlines the clinical features, etiology, pathogenesis, and management strategies, including EMO therapy. It also highlights preventive measures to reduce recurrence and complications, supported by recent literature and evidence-based practices.
Combined effect of Justicia adhatoda and Crocus sativus on Zebrafish Model for Cognitive enhancement
Brain-related problems can include brain injuries, brain tumors, and brain diseases. They can also include mental health disorders such as Depression, Anxiety, Bipolar disorder, Post- traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study explores the combined cognitive-enhancing potential of Justicia adhatoda and Crocus sativus using a zebrafish (Danio rerio) model. Both plants are known for their neuroprotective and mood-stabilizing properties. Methanolic extracts were prepared and tested through behavioral assays, including the Open Field Test (OFT) and Novel Object Recognition Test (NORT), which assess anxiety, locomotor activity, and memory function. Results indicated that the combination group exhibited significantly higher central zone activity and recognition index compared to the control and individual treatment groups. Justicia adhatoda enhanced cognitive performance through cholinergic modulation and antioxidant effects, while Crocus sativus acted via serotonergic pathways and BDNF upregulation. Their synergistic interaction led to improved memory, reduced anxiety-like behavior, and better cognitive processing. This study highlights the therapeutic potential of combining these plant extracts for CNS enhancement and supports their use as a natural, multi-targeted alternative for managing cognitive disorders. Further research is recommended to validate these findings in clinical settings.
Formulation and Evaluation of Furosemide Buccal Tablets using Carbopol and Chitosan Polymers
Buccal formulations have been developed to allow prolonged localised therapy and enhanced systemic delivery. Buccal delivery systems refer to the administration of the drugs via the buccal mucosa. Furosemide is a potent loop diuretic drug, widely used in patients with oedema of various origins. The bioavailability of furosemide after oral administration is about 60% and dose quite variable (20–60mg) owing to the presence of an absorption window in the upper intestinal tract. The objective of the present study was to formulate buccal tablets of Furosemide using hydrophilic polymers chitosan and carbopol to elucidate the release kinetics of furosemide from the polymer. In the present study an attempt was made to develop the buccal tablets of furosemide. Furosemide buccal tablets were prepared by direct-compression method incorporating hydrophilic polymers such as Carbopol 934P, Chitosan, and Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (HPMC K4M) in various combinations and concentrations and coded as F1-F9. A total of nine formulations (F1–F9) were developed and subjected to thorough preformulation studies and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), which confirmed the compatibility of drug and excipients. The prepared tablets were evaluated for physical characteristics (weight variation, thickness, hardness, friability, and drug content), pH, swelling index and in vitro drug release. Among the formulations, F3, F8, and F9 exhibited optimal swelling properties due to higher concentrations of Carbopol. Drug release studies revealed that Carbopol significantly sustained drug release, whereas Chitosan-based formulations released the drug more rapidly. Drug release kinetics varied, with Weibull, Higuchi, and zero-order models providing the best fits depending on polymer composition and dissolution apparatus. The study concludes that combining Carbopol and Chitosan in appropriate ratios can produce effective buccal tablets with controlled drug release, enhanced mucoadhesion, and improved bioavailability of Furosemide. This formulation approach shows promise for enhancing patient compliance and therapeutic efficacy in clinical settings.
Design develop and optimize a novel functional excipient fulvic acid appended topical nano emulsion containing thymoquinone for prolonged remission of psoriasis
The aim and objective of the proposed work, was to develop Fulvic acid and thymoquinone loaded nanoemulsion that could deliver the drug topically at the affected site of the diseased skin and to test the efficacy and safety of the formulated nanoemulsion through in-vitro and in-vivo study. Molecular docking studies showed the docking scores of thymoquinone and fulvic acid were -4.4 and -6.0 kcal/mol with interleukin-6 and the residues Leu11, Val118, Thr93, Ala175, Tyr183 form polar hydrogen bond with the ligands as well as hydrophobic bond interaction. 6.1, 6.2 and 6.3). After molecular docking study by Auto dock vina tools the results indicated that the fulvic acid have significant binding score (-6.0 and 6.4 kcal/mol) and high affinity with both receptors. Conclusively, the purported work explores a fulvic acid based thymoquinone nanoemulsion gel/ nanoemulgel using ultrasonic technique and "Quality by Design" (QbD) approaches. The concept of nanoemulgel was adopted to enhance solubility, absorption and bioavailability of a thymoquinone for topical as well as locoregional application. NE‘s size has resulted in combination therapy of TMQ and FA which utilised kalonji as the oil phase and Tween 80 as the surfactant, resulting as a perfect carrier for inclusion of poorly water-soluble medications (TMQ, FA), and enhanced penetration through the skin.
Reactivation of the varicella- zoster virus (VZV), which is dormant in sensory ganglia following first infection, is the cause of herpes zoster, also known as shingles. It appears as a dermatomal pattern of painful unilateral vesicular rash. Age, Immunosuppression, stress and long- term illness are risk factors. Variants including Ramsay Hunt Syndrome, herpes zoster Ophthalmicus, and have unique side effects like neuropathic pain and visual loss. The primary Method of diagnosis is clinical, albeit in atypical circumstances, PCR or direct fluorescent antibody testing may be used. Acyclovir, Valacyclovir, or Famciclovir used as early antiviral therapy lessens severity, The best preventive Method is still vaccination, which is advised for e everyone.
Stroke is the leading cause for most of the disabilities. One third of the population is suffering with stroke. It is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality after heart diseases. There are 2 types of strokes, in that ischemic stroke shows the high rate of deaths in developing countries. The most common risk factors are hypertension, diabetes, obesity. These are known to be increased with age and most seen in younger ages. Stroke is caused due to the loss of blood supply to the brain and lack of oxygen to the brain cells. Based on the diagnosis and treatment provided to the patient, they can experience temporary or permanent disabilities of stroke.
Case report on diclofenac induced stevens-johnson syndrome
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) is a rare, severe hypersensitivity disorder affecting the skin and mucous membranes. It is primarily triggered by adverse reactions to medications or infections and is considered a medical emergency. The syndrome initially presents with flu-like symptoms, including fever and fatigue, followed by a painful, widespread rash, blistering, and detachment of the skin and mucosal surfaces. Common causative agents include antibiotics, anti-seizure drugs, NSAIDs, and infections such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae or herpes simplex. Diagnosis relies on clinical evaluation and skin biopsy when needed.
Post approval changes in generic drug products and marketed drug products according to usfda: a review
The post approval changes are the changes made to generic and marketed drug products that have received an approval and to provide the data to support a change which would be considered suitable and sufficient to allow a determination of the impact of the change on the quality of the approved products as it relates to safety, efficacy and effective use of the products. After the approval of NDA or ANDA, the applicant may make post approval changes, provided the changes are reported to the FDA under the appropriate categories. Section 506 A of the Federal Food, Drugs and Cosmetics act and 21 CFR 314.70 provide for three reporting categories of the post approval changes namely: major change, moderate change and minor change. There are many reasons for making changes to pharmaceutical products after the original regulatory approval is obtained. Company change control procedures should detail how changes are evaluated and implemented as well as how the change impacts stability and what data will be needed to support the change. The regulatory group will determine the strategy for submission based on a review of the technical assessment of the change and the appropriate regulatory guidance.