Learnovate-International [Online ISSN: 3049-1592] is an open-access journal published by Lapain Press Journals [LPP], which provides a platform for publishing articles that contribute to cross-disciplinary studies. The journal aims to offer valuable resources to scholars who are researching while encouraging emerging and prospective writers to contribute. Learnovate-International is committed to publishing articles from academicians and researchers worldwide. Its mission is to introduce readers, academics, and researchers to international issues and challenges, with the ultimate goal of facilitating. Learnovate-International Publish the following areas Social Science, Engineering, Medical Science, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Management, Biology, and Physical Education.
FORMULATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF DIOSMIN LOADED PRONIOSOMES FOR ANTI INFLAMMATORY AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY
Diosmin, a naturally occurring flavonoid glycoside with proven vasoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, is clinically limited by poor aqueous solubility and low oral bioavailability. The present study focuses on the formulation and comprehensive characterization of diosmin-loaded proniosomes as a novel vesicular drug delivery system to overcome these limitations. Proniosomes were prepared using the slurry method with non-ionic surfactants (Span 60 or Span 80), cholesterol, and maltodextrin as carrier material. The developed formulations were evaluated for drug–excipient compatibility, entrapment efficiency, surface morphology, in-vitro drug release, and biological performance. FT-IR analysis confirmed the absence of chemical interactions, indicating formulation stability. Entrapment efficiency was remarkably high (95.80–99.82%), with Span 60–based formulations showing superior drug loading. SEM analysis revealed nearly spherical, uniform vesicles with smooth surfaces. Optimized formulations demonstrated a sustained drug release profile, achieving up to 99% release over 24 hours. In-vitro pharmacological evaluation showed significant anti-inflammatory activity via protein denaturation inhibition (75.70% at 100 µg/mL) and strong antioxidant potential in the DPPH assay (72.17% inhibition at 100 µg/mL), comparable to standard drugs. Overall, diosmin-loaded proniosomes represent a promising, stable, and efficient delivery platform for enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of poorly soluble flavonoids.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF DIOSMIN LOADED PRONIOSOME GEL FOR VARICOSE VEINS
The present study focuses on the development and characterization of a diosmin-loaded proniosomal gel intended for transdermal management of varicose veins. Diosmin, a well-established venotonic flavonoid, suffers from poor aqueous solubility and limited oral bioavailability, which restrict its therapeutic efficiency in chronic venous disorders. To overcome these limitations, a proniosomal gel system was designed using non-ionic surfactants (Span 60 and Span 80), cholesterol, and lecithin, employing the coacervation phase separation technique. Multiple formulations were prepared and systematically evaluated for vesicle morphology, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, surface characteristics, and drug release behavior. The optimized formulation demonstrated high entrapment efficiency (up to 97.8%), nanosized spherical vesicles with smooth morphology, and a stable negative zeta potential, indicating good colloidal stability. In vitro release studies revealed sustained drug release over 24 hours, while ex vivo permeation studies across goat skin confirmed enhanced and controlled transdermal delivery, achieving approximately 81.7% cumulative drug permeation within 12 hours. Overall, the results highlight the potential of diosmin proniosomal gel as a promising, patient-friendly transdermal delivery system that may improve localized therapeutic efficacy, minimize systemic side effects, and enhance patient compliance in the treatment of varicose veins.
EVALUATION OF PHARMACOGNOSTIC PROFILE, PHYTOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITY OF BARLERIA CRISTATA LEAVES
The present study evaluated the pharmacognostic characteristics, phytochemical constituents, and in vitro anthelmintic activity of the ethanolic leaf extract of Barleria cristata. The plant material was collected and authenticated, followed by Soxhlet extraction using ethanol. Pharmacognostic evaluation confirmed the identity and quality of the crude drug. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, phenols, terpenoids, and steroids. The anthelmintic activity was assessed against adult earthworms, Pheretima posthuma, at different concentrations, using Albendazole as the standard reference. The extract demonstrated dose-dependent paralysis and death of worms, although its efficacy was lower than the standard drug. Statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA indicated significant activity (p < 0.05). The findings support the traditional use of Barleria cristata in helminth infections and suggest its potential as a natural source for developing plant-based anthelmintic agents.
UNDERSTANDING BEHAVIOURAL BIASES IN INVESTMENT DECISION-MAKING OF A STOCK MARKET INVESTOR
Investment decisions in the stock market are often assumed to be rational and based purely on logical evaluation of information. However, real-world behaviour shows that investors are frequently influenced by psychological factors that shape their financial choices. This study explores how behavioural biases such as overconfidence, loss aversion, herding behaviour, and anchoring affect the decision-making process of retail investors. Primary data were collected through a structured questionnaire, and the responses were analysed using descriptive and regression techniques to understand the strength of these influences. The findings suggest that investors do not always act rationally. Many participants displayed overconfidence in their abilities, followed market trends without independent analysis, or hesitated to sell underperforming investments due to fear of losses. The statistical results indicate that these behavioural tendencies play a meaningful role in shaping investment outcomes. The study highlights the importance of recognizing psychological influences in financial decision-making and encourages investors to adopt more disciplined and analytical approaches. By increasing awareness of behavioural biases, investors can improve their long-term strategies and make more balanced investment decisions.
Cognitive Biases (or Psychological Factors)
IMPACT OF AI AND AUTOMATION ON MOBILE GROWTH THROUGH INSTAGRAM
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and automation have emerged as key technological drivers transforming social media platforms. Instagram, being a mobile-first application, extensively uses AI for personalised content delivery, intelligent recommendations, and automated communication to enhance user engagement and platform growth. The present study analyses the impact of AI and automation on Instagram’s mobile growth from the users’ perspective. The research adopts a descriptive design and is based on primary data collected from 150 active Instagram users through a structured questionnaire. The findings reveal that AI significantly increases user engagement, time spent on the platform, and content interaction, while automation improves efficiency by reducing manual effort and response time. The study also identifies short-form video content and AI-based recommendations as the major growth drivers. The research fills the gap in existing literature by providing a user-centric and platform-specific analysis of Instagram’s mobile growth.
ROLE OF LEADERSHIP STYLE IN IMPROVING EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION
This investigation explores the impact of diverse leadership styles on employee motivation in contemporary organizational environments. A quantitative research design was utilized, collecting data from professionals across a range of sectors through a structured questionnaire. Analytical methods, including correlation and regression analyses, were applied to identify significant relationships between various leadership behaviours and motivational levels. The analysis reveals that transformational and participative leadership styles are strongly correlated with enhanced intrinsic motivation among staff members. Transactional leadership, although pertinent, was found to have a narrower influence, mainly linked to extrinsic motivational drivers such as performance-based incentives and job security provisions. In contrast, laissez-faire leadership exhibited a negligible or adverse association with employee drive, underscoring the necessity of consistent leader engagement. These findings emphasize the considerable influence that different leadership approaches exert on workforce morale and organizational commitment. The conclusions offer practical guidance for managers and HR practitioners seeking to enhance employee motivation through deliberate and context-appropriate leadership strategies.
FROM E-COMMERCE TO QUICK COMMERCE: THE CHANGING TREND OF CONSUMER EXPECTATIONS
The expansion of digital retail in India has led to the emergence of quick commerce as a transformative model within the e-commerce ecosystem. This study examines how the shift from traditional e-commerce to quick commerce influences urban consumer expectations. Focusing on Amazon as a traditional platform and Blinkit as a quick commerce platform, the research evaluates delivery speed perception, convenience orientation, price sensitivity, and satisfaction levels. Using a descriptive quantitative approach, primary data were collected from 100 urban respondents through a structured questionnaire. The findings indicate that exposure to ultra-fast delivery has significantly altered acceptable waiting time standards and reduced tolerance for delays. While Amazon continues to be preferred for product variety and reliability, Blinkit has redefined immediacy and convenience benchmarks. The study concludes that quick commerce represents a structural behavioural shift rather than a temporary trend, requiring traditional platforms to adapt to evolving consumer expectations.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF AI CHATBOTS AND HUMAN CUSTOMER SUPPORT: AMAZON AND SWIGGY”
The rapid expansion of digital commerce has transformed customer service from traditional human-based systems to hybrid models integrating artificial intelligence. This study compares AI chatbot systems and human customer support on Amazon and Swiggy within the Indian digital market. Using a descriptive quantitative approach, data were collected from 110 respondents through a structured questionnaire. The analysis examined usage patterns, response speed, satisfaction levels, and user preferences for routine and complex issue resolution. Findings reveal that AI chatbots function as the primary customer service interface and are strongly associated with faster responses, efficiency, and higher overall satisfaction compared to human support. Chatbots are considered highly effective for routine concerns such as order tracking and refunds, while human assistance is preferred for complex or sensitive issues. The study concludes that a balanced hybrid service model, combining automation with human intervention, is essential for sustaining customer satisfaction in digital commerce.
Review article on formulation and evaluation of polyherbal antibacterial soap
Skin infections caused by bacteria and fungi remain a major health concern worldwide due to poor hygiene and increasing antimicrobial resistance. Synthetic antibacterial soaps containing agents such as triclosan and triclocarban are associated with skin irritation, microbial resistance, and environmental toxicity. Polyherbal antibacterial soaps formulated using medicinal plant extracts offer a safer, eco-friendly, and effective alternative. These soaps exhibit antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and skin-protective properties. The present review discusses skin physiology, microbial infections, herbal ingredients used, formulation methods, evaluation parameters, antibacterial mechanisms, advantages, and future prospects of polyherbal antibacterial soaps.
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Synthesis and characterization of few 1,4-dihydro pyridines and their in silico prediction
Heterocyclic compounds form the largest of classical divisions of organic chemistry and are of immense importance biologically and industrially. 1,4-Dihydropyridines are an important class of compounds with a wide range of biological activities. Dihydropyridines were reported for their antitumor, calcium channel blokers, antitubercular, analgesic, antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory, acaricidal, insecticidal, bactericidal, anticonvulsant and other pharmacological activities. Keeping this in view, it was proposed to synthesize some new dihydropyridine derivatives by conventional method. All the synthesized compounds were characterized by FT-IR, and1H NMR spectral studies and their structures were established. All the synthesized compounds were predicted for biological properties by using PASS (Prediction of Activity Spectrum of Substances) computer program. The results of these predictions are given in PASS computer program predicts all title compounds. All the title compounds were synthesized, characterized and screened for their antihypertensive activity.
A review on advanced management of tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the leading infectious diseases globally, posing significant challenges to public health despite the availability of effective treatment. Advanced management of TB integrates modern diagnostic tools, optimized drug regimens, and innovative therapeutic approaches to enhance treatment outcomes and reduce transmission. The use of molecular diagnostics, such as GeneXpert MTB/RIF and whole-genome sequencing, allows for rapid detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and drug resistance patterns, enabling early and precise interventions. The development of shorter, more effective multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) treatment regimens, including the use of bedaquiline, delamanid, and pretomanid, has revolutionized management strategies. In addition, patient-centered care models, including digital adherence monitoring and community-based treatment support, improve compliance and reduce relapse rates. Integration of TB-HIV co-management and preventive therapy further contributes to disease control, particularly in high-burden settings. Emerging research in host-directed therapies, vaccines, and artificial intelligence–assisted monitoring provides promising avenues for future TB control. The combination of technological innovation, personalized medicine, and strengthened public health infrastructure represents a transformative approach to TB management. Continued investment in research, diagnostics, and patient care systems is essential to achieve global TB elimination goals and ensure equitable access to advanced management strategies worldwide.
Aspirin vs heparin: a comparative review of antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy
Aspirin and Heparin are two widely used agents in the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic disorders, yet they differ fundamentally in their mechanisms of action, clinical applications and pharmacological profiles. Aspirin, an antiplatelet agent, primarily inhibits cyclooxygenase-1[COX1] thereby Suppressing thromboxane Az Synthesis and preventing platelet aggregation. It is mainly indicated in arterial thrombosis, such as myocardial infarction and stroke prevention. In contrast, heparin is an anticoagulant that enhances the activity of antithrombin 111, inhibiting thrombin and factor Xa, thus interfering with the coagulation Cascade. It is Commonly used in venous thromboembolism, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and during surgeries or dialysis. This review compares their pharmacodynamics, indications, side effect profiles and clinical outcomes, highlighting the Complementary yet distinct roles of antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy. The selection between aspirin and heparin is guided by the type of thrombosis, patient risk factors, and therapeutic goals, underlining the importance of individualized treatment strategies in cardiovascular and hematological care.
Clinical and pharmacological comparison between aceclofenac and diclofenac: which nsaid is better?
Aceclofenac and Diclofenac are both non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) commonly Used to treat pain and inflammation, especially in conditions like arthritis. Both drugs work by blocking the action of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, which produce substances that cause pain and swelling in the body. However, Aceclofenac is a derivative of Diclofenac and shows some Differences in terms of clinical effectiveness and tolerability. Aceclofenac is often considered a better option for long-term treatment due to its better gastrointestinal safety profile. It causes fewer side effects like stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, and Ulcers when compared to Diclofenac. This makes Aceclofenac more suitable for patients who are at Risk of gastrointestinal issues. Additionally, studies suggest Aceclofenac provides similar or even Greater pain relief than Diclofenac, with fewer complications. In terms of pharmacokinetics; both drugs are effective but differ slightly in their half-life (T½), dose, Elimination rate, and bioavailability. Aceclofenac has a half-life of about 4 hours and is usually given in a dose of 100 mg twice daily. Diclofenac has a shorter half-life and may need more frequentDosing. In conclusion; both Aceclofenac and Diclofenac are effective NSAIDs. The choice between them Depends on the patient’s condition, medical history, and tolerance to side effects. Aceclofenac is generally preferred for its better efficacy and lower gastrointestinal side effects, especially in long term use.
Formulation and evaluation of herbal body lotion using aloe barbadensis miller
This abstract outlines the development of a herbal body lotion, emphasizing its proposed mechanism of action, which involves the upregulation of aquaporin expression and the modulation of key epidermal lipid synthesis. These biological processes are hypothesized to enhance skin hydration and barrier function. The formulation centers around the hydrating and soothing properties of aloe vera, known for its emollient and anti-inflammatory effects. The lotion is meticulously crafted using a synergistic blend of natural and functional ingredients to deliver deep moisturization, nourishment, and a pleasant sensory experience. Key ingredients include aloe vera gel, almond oil, and rosemary oil, chosen for their rich content of skin-nourishing fatty acids and antioxidant properties. Lotus flower powder and sandalwood powder add a distinctive calming fragrance and potential skin-soothing benefits. Functional excipients such as polysorbate, stearic acid, and glycerin are included to stabilize the emulsion, ensure an appealing texture, and enhance moisture retention. Vitamin E provides antioxidant protection, while benzyl alcohol serves as a preservative to maintain product integrity and shelf life. The final product is a non-greasy, fast-absorbing herbal lotion that leaves the skin feeling soft, supple, and refreshed. This formulation represents a harmonious blend of traditional botanical knowledge and modern cosmetic science, offering a natural and effective solution for daily skincare.
A study to assess the efficacy of various treatment approaches used in gastritis
Gastritis, an inflammation of the gastric mucosa, arises from diverse etiologies including infections, autoimmune disorders, and chemical irritants, and if left untreated, may progress to ulcers, gastric carcinoma, or lymphomas. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of various treatment strategies for gastritis, encompassing pharmacological therapies, dietary interventions, and lifestyle modifications. Conducted as a six-month observational cohort study at SVS Medical College and Hospital, Mahbubnagar, it included 100 adult patients aged 18–65 years with confirmed gastritis diagnoses. Treatment regimens consisted of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), H2-receptor antagonists, antacids, antibiotics for Helicobacter pylori, and tailored dietary guidance. Clinical evaluations and patient-reported outcomes were recorded, with data analyzed using SPSS v23 and GraphPad Prism v9, considering p < 0.05 as statistically significant. The majority of participants were aged 55–65, with a slight male predominance (52%) and urban residency (65%). A strong correlation was found between the consumption of spicy and fatty foods and the severity of symptoms (p < 0.05). PPIs were the most commonly prescribed agents (60%), while dietary changes were recommended for half of the cohort. Notably, 61% of patients achieved moderate gastrointestinal quality of life scores (GIQLI 70–89), and high rates of treatment adherence (85%) and satisfaction (92%) were observed. The findings affirm that a comprehensive, patient-centered approach integrating medication, nutritional counseling, and education enhances symptom control, promotes healing, and improves quality of life. These outcomes support the adoption of integrated treatment models and highlight the potential for future research into personalized care and digital health interventions in gastritis management.
Epidemiology, risk factors, and clinical outcomes of neonatal jaundice: a prospective observational study
Neonatal jaundice is a highly common condition affecting over 80% of full-term and preterm infants, usually appearing within 2–4 days of birth due to increased total serum bilirubin (TSB) caused by heightened red blood cell breakdown and immature liver clearance. While most cases resolve spontaneously within 1–2 weeks, severe unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia can lead to bilirubin encephalopathy, seizures, developmental delays, or even death, making early detection and treatment essential. This prospective six-month study was carried out in the Department of Paediatrics at SVS Medical College and Hospital, Mahabubnagar, involving 80 neonates to assess diagnosis, treatment approaches, and outcomes. Data collected included demographic details, bilirubin levels, type and severity of jaundice, and therapeutic responses. Results indicated a slight male predominance (53%) with the highest incidence in infants aged 1–10 days, while preterm infants were most affected (38%), highlighting their increased vulnerability due to immature liver function. The distribution of causes showed physiological jaundice and breast milk jaundice (25% each), pathological jaundice (20%), Rh incompatibility (17%), and ABO incompatibility (13%). Clinical presentation ranged from facial to generalised involvement, reflecting severity. Phototherapy was the main treatment (49%), followed by observation (31%), intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) (15%), and exchange transfusion (5%), emphasising its crucial role in preventing kernicterus. In conclusion, the study underscores that neonatal jaundice, although common, necessitates vigilant monitoring, early screening, and prompt intervention to minimise morbidity, especially in high-risk preterm infants.
A review on silver nanoparticle formulation of cisplatin for lung cancer therapy
Lung cancer remains a leading cause of global cancer mortality, and cisplatin continues to serve as a first-line chemotherapeutic agent in its management. However, the clinical utility of cisplatin is limited by poor solubility, dose-limiting toxicities, and the development of drug resistance. Advances in nanotechnology have opened new avenues for drug delivery, with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) emerging as promising carriers owing to their intrinsic anticancer properties, high surface area, and ease of functionalization. Cisplatin-loaded AgNPs have demonstrated improved pharmacokinetic behavior, sustained release, and selective tumor accumulation, thereby enhancing therapeutic efficacy while reducing systemic toxicity. Preclinical studies have shown significant cytotoxicity against lung cancer cell lines, inhibition of tumor growth in animal models, and reduced nephrotoxicity compared to free cisplatin. The synergistic action of cisplatin-induced DNA cross-linking and AgNP-mediated reactive oxygen species generation further enhances apoptosis and autophagy in resistant cancer cells. Nevertheless, challenges such as nanoparticle stability, potential silver-induced toxicity, scale-up limitations, and regulatory barriers hinder clinical translation. Future perspectives include targeted surface modifications, integration with immunotherapy or radiotherapy, and personalized nanomedicine strategies. Collectively, cisplatin–AgNPs represent a promising therapeutic platform with potential to overcome current limitations of lung cancer chemotherapy.
To study the prevalence of malaria and to determine the efficacy of prepared niosomes for combinatorial drug delivery of anti malarial drugs
BACKGROUND: Malaria is a caused by parasites that are transmitted through bites of Anopheles mosquitoes. AIM: The aim of the study is to assess the prevalence of malaria in the tertiary care hospital during the study period of 6 months. METHODS: This a retrospective observational study conducting in both inpatients and outpatients diagnosed with malaria considering different age groups and other disease conditions. Data including the demographic details were obtained by medical history interview and niosomal formulation was subjected with the help of various suitable materials. RESULTS & DISCUSSION: 30 patients were admitted in the department of general medicine. The results were obtained from 30 patients with malaria disease who are enrolled in the study fulfilled after selection criteria on obtaining consent from the same among 30 patients. Peak prevalence of malaria occurred between the age group of 20-30.The total no. Of patients with malaria associated with hypertension and diabetes in males of age group between 20-60 was found to be 60% and females of age group between 20-60 was found to be 40%. Prevalence of stage–1(53%)is highest among the population. CONCLUSION: In this study, total 30 cases (n=30)were collected who have been diagnosed with malaria from the tertiary care hospital and studied the prevalence of occurrence of malaria between age groups and gender bias and prevalence of risk factors associated with malaria. The prepared niosomal drug delivery system and characterization was done and particle size (Span20˂ Brij35< tween 20<Tween 80), stability parameter, TEM & in vitro studies were performed in dialysis bag taking tween 80, tween 20, span 20, brij 35 niosomes and drug (primaquine) was compared by using RP-HPLC technique. The drug loaded niosomal preparations are effective for tween-80 niosomes for treatment of malaria.
Quantifying the incidence of infectious diseases and assessment of prescription pattern of antibiotics in diabetic patients at a tertiary care hospital
Background: Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases characterized byhyperglycaemia. It happens when your body doesn't process insulin effectively or when your pancreas doesn't produce any insulin at all.Infections are common cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes. Diabetes confers an increased risk of developing and dying from an infectious disease. Diabetes seems to increase the incidence and severity of many common infections, especially those caused by bacteria,virus and fungi, and for some infections there is evidence that hyperglycaemia and hypoglycaemia control correlate with infection risk and outcome. Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the incidence of infectious diseases & Prescription pattern of antibiotics in the diabetic patients. Methodology: In our study the main outcome is to identify the incidence of infectious diseases in patients with diabetes and assessing their prescription pattern of antibiotics. Results & Discussion: We have used different variables such as age, gender, duration of antibiotics, GRBS, HbA1C as risk factors for infections in diabetic patients and evaluated their prescription pattern of antibiotics. In this study we have followed the Pearson correlation and regression analysis and based on the different variables relationship the final outcome is positive. our secondary outcome is to educate patients regarding lifestyle modifications and encourage early medical consultation. Conclusion: Apart from medical screening, Educating the patients regarding Lifestyle modifications and diabetes related infections may aid to control the occurrence of infections in Diabetes patients.
The study on risk factors, complications and management on diabetes mellitus with chronic kidney disease
Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose level and associated with number of complications including acute metabolic and long-term vascular complications. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most common type of diabetes worldwide. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients with T2DM is the major cause of end stage renal disease, characterized by proteinuria with a subsequent decline in glomerular filtration rate. Aim & Objectives: To evaluate the risk factors, complications and management of diabetes mellitus with chronic kidney disease. Methodology: A prospective observational study was conducted for 6months duration in Nephrology department. Based on the inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria the DKD patients were recruited in the study. We have obtained the informed consent forms from those who are willing to participate in the study. The data was collected from personal interviews (patient& / or patient representatives), professional interviews( doctors/nurses/technicians) by using a well structured patient data collection proforma and followed up. Results & Discussion: At the age above 50 yrs maximum high blood glucose and high BP patients were appeared in more number due to greater urbanisation, change in life styles and environmental factor. High cholesterol, obesity and diet are the major risk factors for DKD according to our observational studies. Diet shows a major impact on the diabetes when we eat extra calories and fat, our body creates an undesirable rise in blood glucose (hyperglycaemia), it may lead to serious problems that if persistent, may lead to long term complications, such as nerve, kidney and heart damage. Conclusion: The risk factors for DKD were assessed as age group, gender, obesity, high BP, high blood sugar, high cholesterol, illiteracy, urbanisation, life style modifications. Totally we concluded that most patients with DM will affect kidney that may prolong the renal failure. The CKD. As per our study we finally stated that there are different stages of DKD (stage 1,2,3,4 and 5). Most of the patients in DKD are observed in stage 2.
A study on impact of Factors influencing Respiratory diseases like Influenza with respect to epidemics in Visakahapatnam Andhra Pradesh
In a cluster of connected areas of study, including the undeniable confirmation of factors impacting educational attainment, explanations of shifting levels of interest in formal and informal adult preparation, and conditions expected for the turn of events and improvement of foundations and practices that support dependable learning, the possibility of social capital has increased in importance over the past ten years or so. Social capital has been defined in a variety of ways in these specific circumstances, all of which are linked to entire norms, values, and relationships that reflect how human individuals help in "a commonplace life considering family and neighborhood." In this way, social capital improvement seems to be directly related to neighborhood guidance since the neighborhood is fully represented as a social learning process that empowers individuals and remembers them as inhabitants for total activities focused on economic development. By delving into various key topics of interest about the typical relationships between neighborhood and social capital reorganization, the creator of this obligation casts doubt on the validity and adequacy of social capital as a key concept in adult tutoring research. Multivariate methods and ANOVA were used to examine the data. We recognize the causes of clinical problems and risk factors for individuals, as well as the natural ways of life that contribute to maternal success. The present study includes a survey in the region of the rural and urban parts of Visakhapatnam district.
From Pathogenesis to Future Cure: A Complete Review of Vitiligo and Its Recent Advances
Vitiligo is a chronic, acquired skin disorder marked by progressive depigmentation resulting from the selective loss of melanocytes. Though non-life-threatening, it poses significant psychosocial challenges due to its visible impact, particularly in darker-skinned populations. The etiology is multifactorial, with contributions from genetic predisposition, autoimmunity, oxidative stress, and environmental triggers. Vitiligo is now considered a model autoimmune disorder due to its well-characterized immunopathogenesis involving CD8⁺ T cells, cytokines like IFN-γ, IL-15, and TRM cell persistence. Clinical classification into segmental and non-segmental types, along with diagnostic tools such as Wood’s lamp examination, dermoscopy, and scoring systems like VASI and VIDA, aids in tailored management. Therapeutic approaches range from topical corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors to phototherapy (NB-UVB, PUVA) and systemic immunosuppressants. Surgical techniques like melanocyte transplantation offer hope for stable vitiligo. Recent advances emphasize targeted immunotherapies (e.g., JAK inhibitors, IL-15 blockade), regenerative strategies using stem cells and melanocyte precursors, and novel delivery systems like nanocarriers and microneedles. Gene therapy and Wnt/β-catenin pathway modulation represent promising futuristic approaches. Preventive strategies include minimizing trauma (Koebner phenomenon), managing psychological stress, antioxidant support, and early intervention. This review integrates classical knowledge with cutting-edge developments, offering a comprehensive perspective on vitiligo. It emphasizes the need for a multidisciplinary and patient-centric approach that combines clinical, psychosocial, and technological strategies. As research deepens, the path toward a potential cure becomes more tangible, supported by innovations in immunology and molecular medicine.
New Dimensions In Viral Hepatitis Research: Advancements, Challenges, And Future Prospects
Viral hepatitis remains a critical global health concern, encompassing five major types—Hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E-with distinct modes of transmission, genomic structures, and disease outcomes. Despite extensive preventive and therapeutic advancements, these infections contribute significantly to liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and nearly 1.1 million deaths annually. Recent years have witnessed transformative progress in the understanding and management of viral hepatitis. Molecular diagnostics such as PCR, RT-PCR, and next-generation sequencing have improved early detection and genotyping, while novel biomarkers are under evaluation for disease staging and prognosis. Therapeutically, direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) have revolutionized the treatment landscape of HCV, offering cure rates exceeding 95%. However, challenges persist, including the absence of effective vaccines for HCV and HDV, treatment resistance, and limited surveillance in resource-poor settings. Emerging technologies such as mRNA-based vaccines, siRNA therapeutics, and gene-editing tools like CRISPR/Cas9 are opening new frontiers in cure-oriented strategies. Special attention is required for vulnerable groups such as children, pregnant women, immunocompromised individuals, and those co-infected with HIV or TB. The WHO's elimination target for 2030 has catalyzed global initiatives to enhance vaccination, screening, and access to treatment. Integration of artificial intelligence and big data into surveillance and personalized medicine offers a promising path forward. This review highlights the classification, diagnostic innovations, therapeutic evolution, and global public health strategies in hepatitis research, emphasizing the need for multidisciplinary approaches to overcome current limitations and achieve long-term control and eventual elimination.
Saoot Based Unani Intervention in Shaqiqa (migraine without aura): Clinical Outcome in a Single Case Study
Shaqiqa (Migraine) is a chronic neurovascular disorder that is acknowledged in both contemporary and Unani medical systems. It manifests as recurrent, unilateral, throbbing headaches often associated with nausea, vomiting, photophobia and phonophobia. From the Unani perspective, migraine is attributed to the predominance and imbalance of specific akhlat (humours), which affect the brain's temperament and function. This case study presents a 34-year-old male driver with a 4-year history of migraine who was managed with a Unani treatment regimen comprising Itrifal Ustukhuddus, Jawarish Tamar Hindi, and Roghan-e-Kaddu (administered as saoot). The patient was assessed on Day 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) to evaluate changes in headache intensity and associated symptoms. Over the course of treatment, a consistent decline in VAS scores was observed, reflecting a significant reduction in pain severity and improvement in quality of life. No adverse effects were reported, and the patient's dependency on conventional analgesics was minimized. This case highlights the potential of individualized Unani pharmacotherapy in managing shaqiqa (migraine without aura) through correction of humoral imbalance and restoration of mizāj (temperament), offering a safe and integrative alternative to modern pharmacological approaches.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aarif Baig, Sadaf Ansar, Arif Anees, Iftekhar Ahmed, Sabiha Khan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Study on Assessment of Adverse Drug Reaction Monitoring In Cardiac Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital
Cardiovascular disease describes coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral arterial disease, rheumatic and congenital heart disease and venous thromboembolism. Collectively, cardiovascular disease is responsible for 17.9 million deaths per year globally 31% of all deaths, within which Ischaemic Heart disease accounts for the majority of mortality. The present study aimed to assess adverse drug reaction monitoring in cardiac patients in a tertiary care hospital. 31-40 years age patients were 56 (26.66%), 41-50 years age patients were more 56 (26.66%) as compared to other age groups. Calcium channel blockers patients were more 56 (26.66%), as compared to Beta blockers patients were 44 (20.95%), Nitrates patients were 54 (26.71%), Alpha blockers patients were 56 (26.66%), Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors patients were 56 (26.66%). Central nervous system affected patients were more (68%), as compared to Respiratory system affected patients were (56%), Gastrointestinal system affected patients were (39%), Cardiovascular system affected patients were (47%), Musculoskeletal system affected patients were (68%). Adverse drug reactions potential for a particular cardiovascular drug varies with the individual, the disease being treated, and the extent of exposure to other drugs. Knowledge of this complex interplay between patient, drug, and disease is a critical component of safe and effective cardiovascular disease management. The risk of Adverse drug reactions increased with the number of drugs in the prescription. Most of the Adverse drug reactions were mild in severity and were not preventable. The timely therapy adjustment can helps to optimize pharmacotherapy and reduce the severity of these reactions.
A Study on Evaluation of Drug-Drug Interactions in Cardiovascular Disease Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital
Cardiovascular disease remains a major cause of premature mortality and rising health care costs. Cardio metabolic, behavioral, environmental, and social risk factors are major drivers of cardiovascular disease. The present study aimed to assess drug-drug interactions in cardiovascular disease patients in a tertiary care hospital. 36-46 years age patients were more 59 (34.70%) as compared to 47-56 years age patients were 44 (25.88%), 57-67 years age patients were 42 (24.70%). Moderate drug-drug interaction patients were more 81 (47.64%) as compared to other drug interactions. Aspirin + Clopidogrel drugs drug interactions were more 74 (43.52%) as compared to other drug interactions. The study found that incidence of drug interactions was associated with old age, polypharmacy and increased lengths of hospital stay. The development of such data base in hospitals may help for the surveillance of drug interactions in hospitalized cardiac patients. Patients with cardiovascular disorders are subjected to high risk of potential drug-drug interactions and the number of drugs prescribed and educational level of the prescribers has a high significantly associated with the occurrence of potential drug-drug interactions.
Magic Bullets to Nanomedicine Targeted Drug Delivery System
Nanomedicine, an advanced form of Paul Ehrlich’s "magic bullet" concept, enables targeted drug delivery to specific body sites, minimizing systemic toxicity and improving therapeutic efficacy. Various nanocarriers, including colloidal, polymer-based, and cellular systems, facilitate precise drug administration. This approach is particularly beneficial in treating cancer, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular diseases by enhancing therapeutic outcomes and reducing off-target effects. Despite its promise, nanomedicine faces challenges due to its complexity and limited understanding of its interactions with biological systems. Regulatory hurdles, lack of standardized evaluation procedures, and high healthcare costs further hinder its widespread adoption. The development of nano similar remains difficult due to challenges in assessing their equivalence to original nanomedicines. Advancements such as nanosponges offer innovative solutions by enabling controlled drug release and improved solubility. These microscopic carriers enhance medication stability and bioavailability, addressing key limitations in targeted delivery systems. The field continues to evolve, balancing technological advancements with regulatory and practical considerations.
Strategic need for nationwide implementation of nep 2020
The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, launched by the Government of India, represents a major transformation in the education system of the nation after over three decades. Aiming to foster holistic, flexible, and multidisciplinary education, NEP 2020 focuses on foundational literacy, experiential learning, teaching in mother tongue, technology integration, and reforms in teacher training. Although the policy is visionary in nature, its execution has been patchy in different Indian states based on different political, financial, infrastructural, and administrative difficulties. This research article discusses the pressing necessity for uniform and integrated implementation of NEP 2020 in every state to facilitate equitable learning opportunities, minimize regional differences, and make the educational goals of the country compatible with international standards. Based on secondary data, official reports, and academic studies, the report sheds light on areas of implementation lapses, discerns systemic bottlenecks, and recommends a roadmap for inclusive policy adoption at all levels. It believes that in the absence of inclusive and pan-India implementation, the NEP's transformative nature stands to be vitiated. The report emphasizes cooperative federalism, strong governance architecture, targeted financing, and community capacity development for the success of the policy in its long-term goals. The research concludes that a coordinated national action is necessary to empower students all over the nation and realize India's demographic dividend.
Studies for Sorption of Aniline Blue Dye Using Eucalyptus Leaves Powder and Optimization Using Central Composite Design
In this study, a novel biosorbent called Eucalyptus leaves powder is used in a batch biosorption process to remove the Aniline blue from aqueous solutions. Agitation time, biosorbent size, pH, initial dye concentration, biosorbent dosage, and temperature are among the characteristics that were examined. Lagergren first order and pseudo second order models were included in the kinetic investigation. The study also covered isotherms such as Temkin, Freundlich, and Langmuir as well as thermodynamics. Regression analysis revealed that the experimental data was highly well-fitting and correlated.
Copyright (c) 2025 CH. A. I. Raju, V. Niharika, U. Kranthi Rekha, Boateng Raphael , Boaze Dos Anjos Cesar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Brand loyalty in the era of online marketing
In the era of online marketing, brand loyalty has evolved significantly due to the rapid advancement of digital technologies, changing consumer behavior, and the increasing influence of social media. Traditional brand loyalty, which was primarily built through consistent product quality, customer service, and word-of-mouth recommendations, has now been reshaped by digital engagement strategies, personalization, and interactive customer experiences. Online marketing has empowered brands to build deeper relationships with customers through targeted advertising, AI-driven recommendations, influencer collaborations, and real-time consumer interactions. The accessibility of online platforms has also increased competition, making it easier for consumers to switch brands based on convenience, price comparisons, and user-generated reviews. While digital marketing tools enhance brand visibility, they also present challenges such as declining customer retention due to short attention spans and information overload. Emerging technologies, including artificial intelligence, blockchain, and the metaverse, are further redefining the dynamics of brand loyalty by providing personalized, transparent, and immersive brand interactions. This research explores the impact of online marketing strategies on brand loyalty, with a focus on the roles of personalization, artificial intelligence (AI), social media, and technological innovations. It analyzes the comparative effectiveness of traditional versus online strategies for building brand loyalty while also discussing the challenges and emerging trends in digital brand engagement. The study provides insights into how businesses can leverage online marketing to foster long-term customer loyalty in an increasingly competitive digital marketplace.