Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Narrative Review

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, impaired insulin secretion, and persistent hyperglycemia. Its rising global prevalence has become a major public health concern due to its association with cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, neuropathy, retinopathy, and other long-term complications. Recent advances in the diagnosis and management of T2DM have improved early detection, individualized treatment, and clinical outcomes. Advances in diagnosis include the use of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), flash glucose monitoring, and novel biomarkers, which have enhanced diagnostic accuracy and glycemic assessment. Therapeutic developments, particularly sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, and dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonists, have transformed diabetes management by improving glycemic control while providing cardiovascular, renal, and weight-loss benefits. This narrative review summarizes recent advances in the diagnosis and management of T2DM and highlights their clinical significance in improving patient care and reducing the burden of diabetes.