Genes, can it affect body response to medicines? An understanding of the concept of pharmacogenetics

Abstract

Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics are rapidly advancing disciplines that explore how genetic variations influence individual responses to medications. Differences in DNA sequences can alter drug metabolism, absorption, distribution, and excretion, resulting in variable therapeutic outcomes and adverse drug reactions. The identification of these genetic differences offers the potential for personalized or targeted medicine, enabling healthcare professionals to select optimal drug types and dosages for each patient. Genetic polymorphisms, particularly single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), are major determinants of interindividual variability in drug response. Understanding these variations can improve treatment efficacy and reduce toxicity, especially in drugs with a narrow therapeutic index, such as anticancer agents. Although the application of pharmacogenetic testing faces challenges including high cost, limited accessibility, and the need for global acceptance, its integration into medical practice represents a promising step toward individualized therapy. Advances in genomic sequencing and bioinformatics are expected to expand pharmacogenetic databases and strengthen clinical applications. Ultimately, the field aims to enhance patient safety, treatment outcomes, and quality of life through a deeper understanding of genetic diversity and its impact on pharmacological responses.