IMMUNETHERAPY AND SOLICITATION OF ENGINEERED ß-CELLS FOR DIABETES

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic condition defined by impaired regulation of blood glucose levels. In type 1 diabetes, immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells leads to an absolute deficiency of insulin. Current therapeutic approaches depend largely on lifelong insulin replacement, which helps control glycemia but fails to address the autoimmune origin of the disease or fully prevent long-term complications. Recent research has shifted toward combining immunotherapeutic strategies with engineered β-cell technologies. β-cells derived from embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells demonstrate functional characteristics comparable to native pancreatic cells, including glucose-responsive insulin secretion. Immunomodulatory interventions and encapsulation techniques enhance the survival of these cells by protecting them from immune attack while allowing efficient nutrient and insulin exchange. This integrated approach improves metabolic stability and represents a transition from symptomatic management to disease-modifying therapy. Additionally, immune-engineered β-cell systems offer valuable platforms for disease modeling and drug development. Although challenges related to safety, immune compatibility, and large-scale clinical application persist, this strategy holds significant promise for achieving a functional cure for diabetes mellitus.