PROCESS OPTIMIZATION OF TOLUIDINE BLUE DYE REMOVAL USING BROWN ALGAE POWDER WITH CENTRAL COMPOSITE DESIGN (CCD)
Abstract
Discharge of dye-containing effluents from textile and related industries remains a persistent water-quality problem because many synthetic dyes are visible at very low concentrations and resist conventional biological treatment. This study examines the equilibrium removal of Toluidine Blue (TB) from aqueous solution using a low-cost marine algal biosorbent (Sargassum tenerrimum). Batch adsorption experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of solution pH (2–9), initial TB concentration (20–200 mg/L), and biosorbent dosage (10–80 g/L) under fixed mixing conditions and a constant contact period (kept fixed for all experiments). TB removal increased with pH up to an optimum around pH 5, followed by a decline at higher pH. Increasing the initial TB concentration reduced percentage removal but increased the adsorption capacity, consistent with progressive site saturation. Increasing biosorbent dosage improved removal efficiency up to an optimum region, after which the gain became marginal due to reduced effective surface area per unit mass and particle aggregation. Equilibrium data were interpreted using Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherms to describe surface coverage and adsorption heterogeneity. Overall, the results support Sargassum tenerrimum as an inexpensive biosorbent for TB removal. Central composite design (CCD) was further applied to optimize the combined effects of pH, initial dye concentration, biosorbent dosage, and temperature on TB removal, predicting an optimum near pH ≈ 5.01, C0 ≈ 20.04 mg/L, w ≈ 30.818 g/L and T ≈ 304.83 K with ~91.66% removal.
Keywords:
Toluidine Blue, Biosorption, Sargassum tenerrimum, pH effect, Adsorbent dosage, Adsorption isothermDOI
https://doi.org/10.70604/10.70604/learnint.v3i2.221References
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