New Dimensions In Viral Hepatitis Research: Advancements, Challenges, And Future Prospects

Abstract

Viral hepatitis remains a critical global health concern, encompassing five major types—Hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E-with distinct modes of transmission, genomic structures, and disease outcomes. Despite extensive preventive and therapeutic advancements, these infections contribute significantly to liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and nearly 1.1 million deaths annually. Recent years have witnessed transformative progress in the understanding and management of viral hepatitis. Molecular diagnostics such as PCR, RT-PCR, and next-generation sequencing have improved early detection and genotyping, while novel biomarkers are under evaluation for disease staging and prognosis. Therapeutically, direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) have revolutionized the treatment landscape of HCV, offering cure rates exceeding 95%. However, challenges persist, including the absence of effective vaccines for HCV and HDV, treatment resistance, and limited surveillance in resource-poor settings. Emerging technologies such as mRNA-based vaccines, siRNA therapeutics, and gene-editing tools like CRISPR/Cas9 are opening new frontiers in cure-oriented strategies. Special attention is required for vulnerable groups such as children, pregnant women, immunocompromised individuals, and those co-infected with HIV or TB. The WHO's elimination target for 2030 has catalyzed global initiatives to enhance vaccination, screening, and access to treatment. Integration of artificial intelligence and big data into surveillance and personalized medicine offers a promising path forward. This review highlights the classification, diagnostic innovations, therapeutic evolution, and global public health strategies in hepatitis research, emphasizing the need for multidisciplinary approaches to overcome current limitations and achieve long-term control and eventual elimination.