Human Metapneumovirus: Emerging Threat in Respiratory Tract Infections
Abstract
Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV), first identified in 2001, is now recognized as a major viral pathogen responsible for acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) globally, particularly affecting infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. Belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family, HMPV shares structural and clinical similarities with Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), presenting with symptoms ranging from mild upper respiratory tract infections to severe bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Despite its significant clinical burden, no specific antiviral therapy or approved vaccine exists for HMPV, and management is largely supportive. The virus circulates seasonally, peaking in late winter and early spring, with co-infections further complicating diagnosis and treatment. Molecular diagnostics such as RT-PCR are the gold standard for HMPV detection, offering high sensitivity and specificity. Current research focuses on monoclonal antibodies and vaccine development using platforms like mRNA and recombinant protein technology. However, challenges such as immune evasion, genetic variability, underreporting, and limited surveillance systems hinder effective control. Preventive strategies-including infection control practices, early detection, and public health awareness-are crucial in managing outbreaks. Future directions include the development of novel therapeutics, integrated global surveillance, and large-scale vaccine trials. This review consolidates current knowledge on the epidemiology, virology, clinical manifestations, diagnostics, treatment, and prevention of HMPV, emphasizing its growing significance in global respiratory health.
Keywords:
Human Metapneumovirus, respiratory infections, molecular diagnostics, vaccine development, monoclonal antibodies, antiviral researchDOI
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